31 Jul Test Bank For Exploring Lifespan Development 4th Edition By Berk

Test Bank for Exploring Lifespan Development 4th Edition by Berk

Chapter 1
History, theory, and research strategies

Multiple Choice

1. Dr. Langley’s work is devoted to understanding constancy and change throughout the lifespan. Dr. Langley’s field of study is __________.

A) genetics

B) clinical psychology

C) adolescent development

D) developmental science

Answer: D

Page Ref: 3

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.1 What is developmental science, and what factors stimulated expansion of the field?

Topic: A Scientific, Applied, and Interdisciplinary Field

Difficulty Level: Moderate

2. Although great diversity characterizes the interests and concerns of investigators who study development, they share a single goal: to identify __________.

A) genetic factors that contribute to longevity

B) environmental factors that contribute to disease and illness

C) those factors that lead to abnormal development in children and adolescents

D) those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death

Answer: D

Page Ref: 3

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.1 What is developmental science, and what factors stimulated expansion of the field?

Topic: A Scientific, Applied, and Interdisciplinary Field

Difficulty Level: Moderate

3. Developmental science is __________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study.

A) interdisciplinary

B) empirical

C) applied

D) theoretical

Answer: A

Page Ref: 3

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.1 What is developmental science, and what factors stimulated expansion of the field?

Topic: A Scientific, Applied, and Interdisciplinary Field

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. A theory of development __________.

A) illustrates the ultimate truth about human behavior

B) describes, explains, and predicts behavior

C) explains all aspects of human growth

D) does not require scientific verification

Answer: B

Page Ref: 3

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.

Topic: Basic Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

5. According to the __________ view of development, the difference between the immature and mature being is simply one of amount or complexity.

A) nature

B) discontinuous

C) nurture

D) continuous

Answer: D

Page Ref: 4

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.

Topic: Basic Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

6. The discontinuous view of development holds that __________.

A) infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way adults do

B) growth is the process of gradually augmenting the skills that were present from the beginning

C) infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

D) development is a smooth process limited only by a lack of information and precision

Answer: C

Page Ref: 4

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.

Topic: Basic Issues

Difficulty Level: Difficult

7. Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the __________ perspective.

A) nurture

B) continuous

C) discontinuous

D) nature

Answer: C

Page Ref: 4

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.

Topic: Basic Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

8. New evidence increasingly emphasizes that __________.

A) there is very little cultural diversity in human development

B) environmental, but not personal, contexts shape development

C) development occurs in a neat, orderly sequence of stages unaffected by distinct contexts

D) people not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop

Answer: D

Page Ref: 4

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.

Topic: Basic Issues

Difficulty Level: Difficult

9. Tammy’s father is an exceptional gymnast. When Tammy was just a toddler, her father believed that Tammy already showed great promise as a gymnast. Tammy’s father probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by __________.

A) nurture

B) stages

C) nature

D) early experiences

Answer: C

Page Ref: 5

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.

Topic: Basic Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

10. Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin’s mother emphasizes the role of __________ in development.

A) nurture

B) stages

C) stability

D) nature

Answer: A

Page Ref: 5

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.

Topic: Basic Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

11. Theorists who contend that powerful negative events in the first few years cannot be fully overcome by later, more positive ones emphasize __________.

A) plasticity

B) stability

C) nurture

D) discontinuity

Answer: B

Page Ref: 5

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.

Topic: Basic Issues

Difficulty Level: Difficult

12. Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that __________.

A) change in response to influential experiences is possible

B) heredity, rather than environment, influences behavior

C) individuals who are high in anxiety as children will remain so at later ages

D) early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior

Answer: A

Page Ref: 5

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.2 Identify three basic issues on which theories of human development take a stand.

Topic: Basic Issues

Difficulty Level: Moderate

13. Increasingly, researchers view human development as __________.

A) taking place entirely before and during adolescence

B) declining in old age

C) influenced more by heredity than environment

D) a perpetually ongoing process

Answer: D

Page Ref: 5

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Moderate

14. The lifespan perspective on human development assumes that development is __________.

A) static and stable

B) multidimensional and multidirectional

C) continuous, rather than discontinuous

D) largely the result of heredity

Answer: B

Page Ref: 5

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Moderate

15. According to the lifespan perspective, __________ is supreme in its impact on the life course.

A) the prenatal period

B) early childhood

C) adolescence

D) no age period

Answer: D

Page Ref: 5

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that __________.

A) aging is an eventual “shipwreck”

B) learning follows a predictable timetable

C) development is plastic at all ages

D) musical talent peaks in late adulthood

Answer: C

Page Ref: 6

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Moderate

17. Which statement provides an example of an age-graded influence?

A) Paul learned to play the violin at age 11.

B) Frank got his driver’s license at age 16.

C) Martina got married at age 34.

D) Jesse learned to use a computer at age 21.

Answer: B

Page Ref: 7

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Moderate

18. People born during the baby boom between 1946 and 1964 tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times, due to __________ influences.

A) age-graded

B) history-graded

C) nonnormative

D) bio-historical

Answer: B

Page Ref: 7

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. __________ influences are irregular and do not follow a predictable timetable.

A) Nonnormative

B) History-graded

C) Age-graded

D) Bio-historical

Answer: A

Page Ref: 7

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty’s ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as __________.

A) assimilation

B) resilience

C) age-graded development

D) multidimensional development

Answer: B

Page Ref: 8 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Resilience

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. The most consistent asset of resilient children is __________.

A) a strong bond with a competent, caring adult

B) high intelligence

C) an easygoing temperament

D) an association with a rule-abiding peer

Answer: A

Page Ref: 8 Box: BIOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT: Resilience

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Moderate

22. The baby boomers __________.

A) were more economically underprivileged than their counterparts in the previous generation

B) adopted their parents’ family- and marriage-centered lifestyles in early adulthood

C) embraced growing old far more than their predecessors

D) were labeled a narcissistic, indulged, “me” generation

Answer: D

Page Ref: 7, 10 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: The Baby Boomers Reshape the Life Course

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Moderate

23. As a generation, the baby boomers are __________ than any previous mid- or late-life cohort.

A) healthier, but less educated

B) more educated, but less wealthy

C) more self-focused, but less healthy

D) healthier, better educated, and financially better off

Answer: D

Page Ref: 7, 10 Box: CULTURAL INFLUENCES: The Baby Boomers Reshape the Life Course

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.3 Describe the lifespan perspective on development.

Topic: The Lifespan Perspective: A Balanced Point of View

Difficulty Level: Moderate

24. __________ is regarded as the founder of the child study movement.

A) Charles Darwin

B) G. Stanley Hall

C) Alfred Binet

D) Sigmund Freud

Answer: B

Page Ref: 11

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.

Topic: Scientific Beginnings

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution emphasized __________ and __________.

A) the normative approach; survival of the fittest

B) noble savages; physical maturation

C) the tabula rasa; natural selection

D) natural selection; survival of the fittest

Answer: D

Page Ref: 9

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.

Topic: Scientific Beginnings

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. G. Stanley Hall and his student Arnold Gesell __________.

A) discovered that prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species

B) launched the normative approach

C) constructed the first standardized intelligence test

D) were the forefathers of psychoanalytic theory

Answer: B

Page Ref: 11

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.

Topic: Scientific Beginnings

Difficulty Level: Moderate

27. Arnold Gesell __________.

A) was among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents

B) is generally regarded as the founder of the child study movement

C) foreshadowed lifespan research by writing a book on aging

D) constructed the first successful intelligence test

Answer: A

Page Ref: 11

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.

Topic: Scientific Beginnings

Difficulty Level: Moderate

28. Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon __________.

A) wrote the first book of its time on aging

B) were among the first to make child development knowledge meaningful to parents

C) regarded development as a maturational process

D) constructed the first successful intelligence test

Answer: D

Page Ref: 11

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.

Topic: Scientific Beginnings

Difficulty Level: Moderate

29. The first successful intelligence test was originally constructed to __________.

A) measure individual differences in IQ

B) document age-related improvements in children’s intellectual functioning

C) identify children with learning problems for placement in special classes

D) compare the scores of people who varied in gender, ethnicity, and birth order

Answer: C

Page Ref: 11

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.4 Describe major early influences on the scientific study of development.

Topic: Scientific Beginnings

Difficulty Level: Moderate

30. Dr. Torrez believes that how conflicts between biological drives and social expectations are resolved determines a person’s ability to learn, to get along with others, and to cope with anxiety. Dr. Torrez accepts the __________.

A) psychoanalytic perspective

B) psychosocial theory

C) cognitive-developmental theory

D) social learning theory

Answer: A

Page Ref: 11

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Difficult

31. Sigmund Freud constructed his psychosexual theory __________.

A) on the basis of his adult patients’ memories of painful childhood events

B) by conducting studies of animal behavior

C) on the basis of interviews with institutionalized children and adolescents

D) by carefully observing his own children

Answer: A

Page Ref: 11

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

32. Psychosexual theory emphasizes that __________.

A) children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore the world

B) directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of psychological study

C) how parents manage their child’s sexual and aggressive drives in the first few years is crucial for healthy personality development

D) the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual a useful member of society

Answer: C

Page Ref: 11

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Difficult

33. __________ theory was the first to stress the influence of the early parent‒child relationship on development.

A) Darwin’s

B) Freud’s

C) Erikson’s

D) Watson’s

Answer: B

Page Ref: 12

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. One criticism of Freud’s psychosexual theory was that it __________.

A) did not apply in other cultures

B) underemphasized the influence of sexual feelings

C) compared human development to the evolution of the human species

D) offered too narrow a view of important environmental influences

Answer: A

Page Ref: 12

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

35. Dr. Singh believes that a basic psychosocial conflict, which is resolved along a continuum from positive to negative, determines healthy or maladaptive outcomes at each stage of development. Dr. Singh’s beliefs are aligned with those of which theorist?

A) G. Stanley Hall

B) Sigmund Freud

C) Erik Erikson

D) B. F. Skinner

Answer: C

Page Ref: 12

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Difficult

36. Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of the study of development. Dr. Faulkner probably follows the __________ perspective of development.

A) psychosexual

B) psychosocial

C) behaviorist

D) cognitive-developmental

Answer: C

Page Ref: 13

Skill Level: Apply

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

37. Ivan Pavlov discovered __________.

A) observational learning

B) classical conditioning

C) the ego’s positive contributions to development

D) the clinical method

Answer: B

Page Ref: 13

Skill Level: Remember

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. In a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that __________.

A) children cannot be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus

B) infants as young as a few months old will repeat a behavior to obtain a desirable reward

C) children can be conditioned to fear a formerly neutral stimulus

D) children have an innate, inborn fear of rats

Answer: C

Page Ref: 13

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate

39. According to operant conditioning theory, __________.

A) the frequency of a behavior can be increased through punishment, such as disapproval

B) normal development must be understood in relation to each culture’s life situation

C) the id develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society

D) the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers

Answer: D

Page Ref: 13

Skill Level: Understand

Objective: 1.5 What theories influenced human development research in the mid-twentieth century?

Topic: Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories

Difficulty Level: Moderate