a. grind food. b. bite off chunks of food c. tear food. d. mince food. e. pulverize food. Canines (cuspids) are used to a. grind food 9. b. bite off chunks of food. e tear food. d. mince food. e. pulverize food. 10. Molars and premolars are used to a. grind food. b. bite off chunks of food. c. tear food. d. mince food. e. pulverize food. 11. The digestion of which class of foods begins in the mouth? a. carbohydrates b. proteins c. lipids d. amino acids e. nucleic acids 12. The enamel in a tooth’s crown directly covers the a. root. b. pulp cavity c. root canal. d. dentin c. gingiva. 13. A bolus is formed in the a. mouth. b. esophagus. c. stomach. d. small intestine. e. large intestine. Salivary amylase is produced by 14. a. parotid glands only b. sublingual glands only c. submandibular glands only. d. parotid glands and sublingual glands only. e. parotid glands, sublingual glands, and submandibular glands. 15. The digestion of proteins begins in the a. stomach. b. pancreas. c. small intestine. d. large intestine. e. esophagus. 16. The acid released in the stomach is a. carbonic acid. b. hydrochloric acid. c. nitric acid. d. sulfuric acid e. phosphoric acid. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach aids in a. digestion of fats. b. digestion of proteins. c. digestion of carbohydrates d. production of leptin. e. destruction of microbes in food and digestion of proteins. 17. 18. “Heartburn” is caused by a. HCI sloshing back into the esophagus. pepsin sloshing back into the esophagus. c. pepsinogen sloshing back into the esophagus d. chymotrypsin sloshing back into the esophagus e. intrinsic factor sloshing back into the esophagus. Which of the following bacteria is known to cause the formation of peptic ulcers? a. Helicobacter pylori b. Staphylococcus aureus c. Streptococcus pyogenes d. Escherichia coli e. Micrococcus luteus 19. 20. The folds of the stomach are called b. microvilli c. tight junctions. d. rugae. e. haustra How long can it take for a full stomach to empty? a. 1-2 hours 21. b. 2-4 hours c. 2-6 hours d. 4-8 hours e. 6-8 hours 22. Of the following parts of the GlI tract,the greatest amount of nutrient absorption takes place in the a. stomach b. small intestine. c. colon. d. pancreas. e. esophagus. Which of the following are tiny projections of the mucosal wall? a. microvilli b. 23. mucins d. submucosa e jejunum 24. Bile is used to aid in the digestion and absorption of a. fats b. proteins. c. carbohydrates. d. nucleic acids. e. fats and proteins 25. Gallstones are made of a. calcium b. sodium. C. irorn d. cholesterol. e. oxalates. 26. Excess glucose taken up by the liver is converted to a. fat. b. glycogen c. bile salts. d. fructose. e. proteins. 27. The liver functions to do all of the following EXCEPT a. produce bile. b. remove toxins ingested in food. c. inactivate hormones. d. e. process nutrients into required substances. produce glucagon. 28. The first part of the small intestine is the a. duodenum b. ileum. c. colon. d. cecum e. jejunum. 29. The digestion of fats mostly occurs in the a. stomach. b. pancreas c. small intestine. d. lymph vascular system. e. liver. Trypsin and chymotrypsin digest a. fats. b. proteins. c. nucleic acids. d. carbohydrates. e. vitamins. 30. The breaking up of large units of fat into smaller ones is called a. digestion. b. saponification. 31. c. neutralization. d. emulsification. e. denaturation. MULTIPLE CHOICE I. The effect of smoking on the respiratory tract includes a. reduced production of mucus. b. increased development of cells. c. immobilization of ciliated cells. d. destruction of white blood cells that patrol the respiratory tract. e. both immobilization of ciliated cells and destruction of white blood cells that patrol the respiratory tract. 2. Smoking has been associated with all of the following EXCEPT a. lung cancer b. breast cancer. high blood pressure. c. d. higher levels of LDL cholesterol. c. increases lung capacity. 3. What is the proper sequence of air flow in the human respiratory system? nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, bronchi, trachea a. b. nasal cavities, pharynx, bronchi, larynx, trachea nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi c. d. e. nasal cavities, larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi nasal cavities, bronchi, larynx, trachea, pharynx 4. Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal cavities? a. filter dust out of the incoming air b. detect odors warm the air c. d. e. oxygenate the blood moisturize the air 5. In describing the parts of the respiratory system, the word “septum” designates a partition in the a. larynx. b. nasal cavities. c. pharynx d. glottis e. lungs. Name the mammalian structure that is positioned in the pathway of air just before the alveoli. a. larynx b. glottis c. bronchioles d. trachea e. pharynx 6. Food and drink are prevented from entering the respiratory passageways during swallowing by means of the 7. a. glottis. 217 15. The lungs move easily within their protective sacs due to a. intrapleural nuid. b. leaking plasma. o. blood. d. mucus e. both leaking plasma and mucus. 16. Actual exchange of gases in the lungs occurs in the a. bronchi b. alveoli. e. bronchioles. d. tracheas. e glottis 17. Which structure(s) provide a huge surface area for diffusion of gasses? a. the bronchi b. the bronchioles c. the trachea d. the alveoli e. the lungs 18. The overall exchange of oxygen inhaled from the air for waste carbon dioxide is a. respiration. b. perfusion. c. percolation. d. saponification. e. expulsion. 19. Which vertebrate body system is most closely associated functionally with respiration? a. urinary b. digestive c. endocrine d. circulatory e. integumentary 20. The respiratory system’s role in respiration ends with which structure(s)? a. the bronchioles b. the alveoli c. the bronchi d. the trachea e. the glottis 21. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged due to the process of a. osmosis. b. facilitated diffusion. c. diffusion. d. Brownian movement. e. active transport 22. The oxygen content of air at sea level is approximately a. 21 percent. b. 78 percent. c. 0.04 percent Which two factors affect how many gas molecules move across the respiratory time? a. moisture and transport proteins b. moisture and surface area c. partial pressure gradient and moisture d. partial pressure gradient and surface area e. transport proteins and surface area 30. surface in any given 31. Hypoxia a. b. c. d. e. causes hypoventilation. depletes the tissues of carbon dioxide. inhibits the brain’s respiratory centers. may be the result of changes in altitude. results in lowered body temperature. Decompression sickness (“the bends”) is caused by a. 32. a rapid rise of carbon dioxide in the blood. b. lack of oxygen in the tissues. c. bubbles of nitrogen in the blood. glucose deficiency e. d. descending too rapidly into deep water. Above 8,000 feet, the body’s response to low oxygen concentration in the atmosphere is a. hyperventilation. b. reduced breathing rate. c. slowed heart rate. 33. d. decreased production of red blood cells e. “the bends. 34. At high altitudes, people with heart disease may experience a. “the bends b. reduced breathing rate. c. decreased production of red blood cells. d. angina e. reduced hemoglobin concentrations. 35. During inhalation, a. the preşsure in the thoracic cavity is greater than the pressure within the lungs. b. the pressure in the pleural sac is less than the pressure within the lungs. c. the diaphragm moves upward and becomes more curved. d. the chest cavity volume decreases. e. movement of the diaphragm is inhibited. 36. In humans ventilation is powered by a. the diaphragm only b. muscles attached to the ribs only c. the lungs themselves. d. the diaphragm and rib muscles. e. the heart. 37. During exhalation, the pressure in the thoracic cavity is less than the pressure within the lungs. the pressure in the thoracic cavity is greater than the pressure within the lungs. a. b. 221 45. Approximately how much “dead” air remains in the airways between breaths? a. 150 milliliters b. 500 milliliters c. 25 milliliters d. 300 milliliters e. 0 milliliters 46. The residual volume of the lungs is approximately a. 1200 milliliters. b. 2000 milliliters. c, d. 3800 milliliters. e. 5200 milliliters. 4800 milliliters. 47. In order to dislodge food that has accidentally entered the trachea, which procedure is used? a. the Ortolani maneuver b. the Herbert maneuver. the Heimlich maneuver. e. d. the Bartholin maneuver e. the Feingold maneuver. 48. Oxygen moves from alveoli to the bloodstream a. because the concentration of oxygen is greater in alveoli than in the blood. mainly due to the activity of carbonic anhydrase in the red blood cells. e b. by using the assistance of carbaminohemoglobin. d. through active transport because the concentration of carbon dioxide is greater in alveoli than in the blood. e. 49· Themedical term for a collapsed lung is a. hemothorax b. hydrothorax. c. planothorax d. pneumothorax. e. brachiothorax. 50. An adult typically breathes times per minute a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. 16 e. 20 51. External respiration a. moves carbon dioxide from alveoli into the blood. b. moves oxygen from alveoli into the blood. c. moves oxygen from the blood into alveoli and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. d. moves oxygen from alveoli into the blood and carbon dioxide in the opposite direction. e. moves both oxygen and carbon dioxide from alveoli into the blood. 52. Internal respiration a. moves carbon dioxide from tissues into the blood b. moves oxygen from tissues into the blood. c. moves oxygen from the blood into tissues and carbon dioxide in the opposite