Chat with us, powered by LiveChat Question: Ornithology: Please Read And Help Me Critize The Results Section Of An Article. I Have Added The Introduction And The Title Of The Paper Just In Case More Information Is Needed. Using Your Biology Knowledge Answer The Following Questions: 1) Give A Summary Of The Results Section 2) Did Tables And Figures Help You To Understand The Study’s Results? ... | Wridemy

17 Aug Question: Ornithology: Please Read And Help Me Critize The Results Section Of An Article. I Have Added The Introduction And The Title Of The Paper Just In Case More Information Is Needed. Using Your Biology Knowledge Answer The Following Questions: 1) Give A Summary Of The Results Section 2) Did Tables And Figures Help You To Understand The Study’s Results? …

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Ornithology: please read and help me critize the results section of an article. I have added the introduction and the title of the paper just in case more information is needed. Using your biology knowledge answer the following questions:

1) give a summary of the results section
2) did tables and figures help you to understand the study’s results? Did they simply repeat or did they complement the text?
3) was it clear to you which results were statistically significantly?
4) the goal for this is to criticize everything. If you find something wrong please mention it
RESEARCH ARTICLE Facial display and blushing: Means of visual communication in blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara Ararauna)? Allne Bertin , Arlelle Beraud12, Léa Lansade, Marle-Clalre Blache, Amandine Dlot? Baptiste Mulot2, Céclle Arnould 1 PRC, CNRS, IFCE, INRA, Université de Tours, Nouzlly, France, 2 ZooParc de Beauval &Beauval Nature, Saint-Aignan, France aline.bertininra.fr Abstract Mainly recognized for their cognitive performance, the visual communication system and, particularly, the potential function of facial displays in parrots remain thus far unexplored. Here, we provide the first descriptive study of facial display use in captive blue-and-yellovw macaws. We observed the feather position (sleeked or ruffled) on the crown, nape and cheek at the group level during the macaws daily routine and individually while interacting with a familiar animal caretaker. In the latter context, blushing was also assessed on the bare skin of the cheek. Group level observations showed that crown, nape and cheek feath- ers ruffling was more frequent in activities requiring no locomotion than in activities requiring locomotion. With the animal caretaker, crown ruffing was significantly more frequent when the caretaker was actively engaging with the parrot than during a control phase with no mutual interaction. In addition, a significantly higher proportion of naive observers judged blushing as being present on photographs taken during the mutual interaction phase than during the control phase. We thus showed significant variations in facial displays and bare skin colour based on the birds social context and activity. Our results broaden the scope further studies to determine whether parrots faces provide visual social signals. L, Blache M acial display and unication in blue a)? PLoS ONE 13 sade of California San
Results Behaviour and feather posture The proportions of scans where feathers ruffling was observed were significantly lower during activities requiring locomotion (locomotion, alimentation) than during activities requiring no locomotion (chewing, maintenance, social interactions, resting) for the crown (df-1; Mean Square (MS) =1.06; P < 0.01), the nape (4-1;MS=0.97; P < 0.01) and the cheek (df-1; MS 1.33; P < 0.01) (Eig3). We found no significant effect of the random, factor individual on the fixed effect activity type for the crown (4-4; Ms-0.19; P-1), the nape (df-4; MS- P 1) and the cheek (df- 4; MS- 0.04; P- 0.75) All activities confounded, crown feathers position was similar to cheek feathers position in a significantly higher proportion of scans than what could be expected by chance (same vs dif- ferent; 69% vs 31%, Cha-7.49, P < 0.01). The same result was observed for the pairs crown. lidoi or/10 1371hounalpone.0201762 August 22, 2018
T. Crown feathers Nape feathers D Chok feathers 02 Lecomotion AlimentationChewing Maintenance Secial interactions Resting Bchavioural calcgorics Fig 3. Median and interquartile distribution ranges of the proportions of scans where feathers ruffling was observed. The proportions of scans are represented for the behavioural categories: locomotion (total mean + SE number of scans-9624), alimentation (73 t 28 scans), chewing (149 + 48 scans), maintenance (153 + 39 scans), social interactions (108 ± 59 scans), resting (746 ± 103 scans) https://doiorg/10.1371/journal.pone.0201762 0003 nape (same vs. different; 66% vs 34%, Chi2 ent; 78% vs 22%, Chi2 17.01, P < 0.01). 5.25, P 0.02) and cheek-nape (same vs. differ-
ContentServer.asp?T P&P-AN&K-1313614328S R&D-a9h&l Feather posture and blushing when interacting with the caretaker The number of seeking behaviours was significantly higher in the control condition than in the context of the mutual interaction (df- 1, MS-420.25, P <0.01) (Fig 4A). The proportion of scans with ruffled crown feathers was significantly higher during mutual interaction than during the control condition (df- 1,MS-0.89, P<0.01) (Eig 4B) nape feather scans did not differ significantly between contexts (df- 1, MS-0.0001, P-09) (Eig 4C). The photographs taken when mutually interacting were dlassified as showing blush- ing around the eye by a significantly higher proportion of observers than the control photo- graphs (df.. i, Ms-0.19, P 0.01) (Fİg4D). The proportion of ruffled 丄 Median and interquartile distribution ranges of number of seeking behaviours (A), the proportions of ns with crown rufling (B), the proportions of scans with nape ruffling (C) and the proportion of observers Fig 4. classifying blushing as being present on photographs (D). PS001 (permutation tests)
Facial displays in parrots We found no significant effects of the random factors individual and session on the fixed effect phase for all the parameters observed (number of seeking behaviours: individual effect df 24, MS = 1857, P = i; session effect: d-45, Ms-7.11, P#1; proportion of scans with ruf- fled crown feathers: individual effect: df - 4, MS 0.96, P-1; session effect: df- 45 MS = 0.05, P-l ; proportion of ruffled nape feather scans: individual effect: df= 4, Ms-071 P- 1; session effect: df- 45, MS- 0.07, P 1; proportion of observers: individual effect: df- 4, Ms-0.0005, p 0.95; session effect: df 45, Ms-021, P:0.1).

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