06 Oct Even though the hypothesis is

Dissertation Proposal Form

This form must be approved for a candidate to register for the dissertation. It is the student’s responsibility to find a Faculty Promoter with whom to complete this form. It is also incumbent upon the student to make sure that all academic and administrative criteria have been met. The form must be completed, signed by the respective parties, and submitted to the Dissertation Coordinator for approval. Please type on this form. Handwritten forms will not be accepted.

Section A: Registration Information

Name: Dorsan Paul Masure

Email: [email protected]

Program (DBA; MBA, BBA): BBA

Specialization: Bachelor of Arts in Digital Business, Design & Innovation.

Promoter: Luis Diaz

Proposed Dissertation Defense Cohort (Choose One)

☒January 2021 ☐May 2021 ☐ June 2021 ☐September 2021

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Section B: Dissertation Outline

Type below each topic

I. Proposed Dissertation Title: The title (tentative) should be precise to allow the reader to comprehend the subject matter of the work.

· Ocean endangered: how businesses can promote the conservation of endangered marine species while creating value.

II. Research Question or Hypothesis: State clearly what your research interest is. Define your research question/hypothesis and the main objectives of your research (100 words).

In what ways can a business benefit from new opportunities while saving the marine life?

What effect does marine species have due to endangered oceans?

How willing are businesses ready to pay threatened and endangered ocean species.

The recognition of the threats to biodiversity and its significance to the community and how it has encouraged global integration sampling of trends in marine life.

How can the species inventory gives the evidence of what species are present and an estimate of species richness.

What ways can businesses enhance quality of life as far as marine species is concerned?

How effective are qPCR and IUCN Red List Criteria Method in regulating ocean endangered problem.

III. Review of Literature/Background: Make a synthesis of the contributions made in your research field by accredited scholars. Describe how your intended research will complement and expand on the current literature, and what contributions you intend to make to the existing knowledge (500 words).

Note: Should you opt for a Business Plan, then provide a full analysis of the business conditions.

Marine life is increasingly becoming endangered by the growing world population, climate change, industrialization, and other human activities. Climate change is among the direst threats to marine life and other forms of life on earth. The gradually rising global temperatures, ocean acidification, and increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide are causing adverse effects on marine life such as the dissolving of shells and skeletons, coral bleaching, and loss of breeding grounds (Roos et al., 2020). Marine species are more endangered today than ever before. According to World Wildlife Fund, plastic waste kills about 100 million marine animals each year, with 100,000 marine animals dying from getting entangled in plastic every year. Approximately 2,270 snails and whale species are listed as endangered globally (Broderick, 2015). The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) projects that half of the global marine species may become extinct if necessary effective solutions are not put in place to eradicate threats facing marine life. Human activities, particularly industrialization, play a major role in the increased ocean pollution. According to Food and Agriculture Organization, land-based sources, including untreated sewage, agricultural run-off, discharge of nutrients, and pesticides, account for about 80% of marine pollution globally. Food and Agriculture Organization states that about 8 million tons of plastic are released into oceans each year. Businesses have a vital role in protecting and conserving endangered ocean species and marine animals. Out of the 380 million tons of plastic produced every year, only 8.7 per cent was recycled in 2019 (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2021). Recycling is an effective strategy for businesses to reduce the amount of plastics, metals, fibre and other materials that pollute oceans. Recycling can also save businesses a significant amount of money ; a well-designed planned and implemented recycling program can generate thousands of euros in savings per person annually. The new research will build on the literature provided above and explore other ways businesses can save marine life while also creating business value in the process (Carney Almroth, 2019). This research will recommend new strategies for big and small businesses to improve waste management, adopt more sustainable business practices, and collaborate with the rest of the world in addressing the various threats endangering marine life. Moreover, recycling facilities in the U.S generated $7 billion in total revenue in 2019 (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2020). Additionally, recycling can benefit companies by cutting down the amount of energy used. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) reveals that recycled steel can save up to 60% production energy, while recycled plastics and glass can save 70% and 40% production energy, respectively (Kelly et al., 2014). The other benefits of recycling include an improved brand image, which enables a business to attract more customers and a talented workforce. The strategy through which businesses can save marine life is shifting away from plastic packaging to more eco-friendly alternatives. Packaging waste accounts for approximately 40% of all solid waste in waste streams. Some of the eco-friendly packaging alternatives that businesses should adopt include organic fabrics, seaweed and mushroom packaging, recyclable and reusable materials and biodegradable packaging. In so doing, this research will make a valuable addition to the existing knowledge about the subject.

IV. Research Methodology: Clearly indicate the methods and techniques which you are planning to use to gather information and investigate the identified problem.

The choice of a research methodology is vital in a research because it helps formulate the path to be followed in conducting the study, interpretation of results, and reporting the findings. Additionally, research methodology enables researchers to choose the appropriate literature, develop research questions and create an appropriate study design. To gather information and data for this research project, both primary and secondary research will be conducted. The utilization of symbiont assemblage analysis relying on qPCR. The application of IUCN Red List Criteria is another useful method that I would apply in my research.

Primary Research

To understand the role of businesses in the protection and conservation of endangered marine species, a telephonic and online surveys will be conducted. The primary research for this study will involve collecting data using standardized questionnaires. Each respondent will be asked to fill a structured questionnaire in order to determine ways in which businesses can contribute in the protection of marine life.

Standardized questionnaires will be designed to collect primary data from experts in the subject matter including researchers, professors, policy makers, and business leaders. A standardized questionnaire involves asking precisely the same questions to all participants in an identical formats, and recording the responses in a uniform manner (Sharpe & Berggren 2019). A questionnaire that clearly reflects the role of businesses in the protection and conservation of endangered ocean species and marine animals. A pilot study will be conducted before the actual full-scale study is performed. A pilot study enables researchers to determine whether the project is feasible, and to establish whether proposed methods and instruments are appropriate for the study (Manzello et al., 2019).

Secondary Research

In secondary research, systematic literature review will be employed. Systematic literature review as an approach to research that uses repeatable analytical methods to collect data for analysis. Essentially, a systematic literature review involves identification, selection and critical appraisal research aimed at answering a clearly formulated question. The central question this research seeks to answer is how businesses can promote the conservation of endangered marine species while also creating value for the business. The primary aim of this systematic literature review will be to identify all empirical evidence that answers this particular research question. This will be a comprehensive, transparent search that will be conducted over multiple databases. This systematic literature review will focus on exploring and analyzing some of the opportunities businesses can exploit to conserve endangered marine species while also creating value for the business.

The first step will be inclusion/exclusion criteria. A systematic scoping review will be conducted to eliminate unreliable low-quality sources of data. To obtain the highest level of evidence to investigate and answer the research question, peer-reviewed journal articles and reputed websites will be used. Peer-reviewed articles are authored by experts in a particular field or discipline, and reputable journals publish them. Marine life and threats facing marine species is one of the extensively researched topics by scientists, academic institutions, government institutions and other stakeholders (Broderick, 2015). This research will narrow down to peer-reviewed up-to-date sources of information authored by reputable professionals, organizations and agencies. The next step is conducting a search, extraction of data and analysis of relevant studies. A meta-analysis will be employed to summarize the results from the chosen studies statistically. A meta-analysis will be used to improve the quality of the results and conclusions.

V. Selected Bibliography

Broderick, A. C. (2015). Grand challenges in marine conservation and sustainable use. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2, 11.

Carney Almroth, B., & Eggert, H. (2019). Marine plastic pollution: sources, impacts, and policy issues. Review of environmental economics and policy

Cronin, T. and Hof, C., 2021. Plastic in our oceans is killing marine mammals. [online] Wwf.org.au. Available at: <https://www.wwf.org.au/news/blogs/plastic-in-our-oceans-is-killing-marine-mammals#gs.9vg0oq> [Accessed 1 September 2021].Unesco.org. 2021. Facts and figures on marine biodiversity | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. [online] Available at: <http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/focus-areas/rio-20-ocean/blueprint-for-the-future-we-want/marine-biodiversity/facts-and-figures-on-marine-biodiversity> [Accessed 1 September 2021].Greenpeace USA. 2021. Oceans. [online] Available at: <https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/campaigns/oceans/> [Accessed 1 September 2021].Oceana. 2021. 10 Ways You Can Help Save the Oceans. [online] Available at: <https://oceana.org/living-blue/10-ways-you-can-help-save-oceans> [Accessed 1 September 2021].

Kelly, J., Sadeghieh, T., & Adeli, K. (2014). Peer review in scientific publications: benefits, critiques, & a survival guide.

Manzello, D. P., Matz, M. V., Enochs, I. C., Valentino, L., Carlton, R. D., Kolodziej, G., … & Jankulak, M. (2019). Role of host genetics and heat‐tolerant algal symbionts in sustaining populations of the endangered coral Orbicella faveolata in the Florida Keys with ocean warming. Global Change Biology, 25(3), 1016-1031.

Roos, N.C., Longo, G.O., Pennino, M.G., Francini-Filho, R.B. and Carvalho, A.R., 2020. Protecting nursery areas without fisheries management is not enough to conserve the most endangered parrotfish of the Atlantic Ocean. Scientific reports, 10(1), pp.1-10.

Sharpe, M., & Berggren, P. (2019). Indian Ocean humpback dolphin in the Menai Bay off the south coast of Zanzibar, East Africa is Critically Endangered. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 29(12), 2133-2146.

VI. Research and Writing Timeline: Indicate your expected research timetable: starting date, research time, data analysis time, writing time, editing time, date of first draft submission, expected defense time. You may use a Gantt chart.

The starting date has already begun. I am now doing a research time in order to accumulate my knowledge on the subject. I already start to identify, select an safe useful information as well as the sources where I can fin them.

Click or tap here to enter text.

VII. Ethics: How does your research relate to the ethical aspects of your subject matter?

Saving the ocean’s life is definitely ethically correct.

It is important to adhere to the highest levels of ethical standards when conducting research. Research ethics issues will be considered and handled appropriately in accordance with the institution’s guidelines and procedures. One of the ethical issues relevant to this particular subject matter is respect for intellectual property, particularly plagiarism. Given that this research project will involve consulting other authors’ work and data from various agencies and organizations, the risk of plagiarism will be high.

VIII. Signature of Student:

Signature Date: August 27, 2021

The grade for the entire dissertation project is a composite grade allocated by the defense panel and takes three areas into consideration:

· Form (20%): the structural organization of the Dissertation document (grammar and vocabulary; writing and reporting; technology; style)

· Content (60%): the academic accuracy and value of the project (executive summary; research question & objectives; background; main body; conclusions)

· Defense (20%): the manner and methods used (visuals; content; questions & answers)