LZw:

ne o f th e m ost co m m o n ly

asked questions in the world

of corrections is, "How can we

produce a noticeable reduction in

aggressive behavior among the

inmates in our facilities?"

The answer to this question

begins with the correctional staff.

The modern correctional profes­

sional is considerably different

from the media stereotype of the

brute whose primary responsi­ bility is controlling inmates and

preventing escapes. From that

antiquated perspective, a "prison

guard" has no skills of note and

even less compassion.

C arlton Payne

AMERlICANJails MAY I JUNE 2015 | 27

The current and future correctional environment requires officers with a strong educational background and vigorous training. Therefore, psychological approaches offer particular advantages in accomplishing training goals focused on managing aggressive inmates. This management can best be accomplished by expand­ ing the definition of aggression, understanding the impact of staff attitudes, and determining how to acquire staff buy-in.

In the past, aggression was defined as behavior that results in personal injury and destruction of property. It may take the form of psychological devaluation and degradation as well as physical harm (Bandura & Ribes-Inesta, 1976). However, according to psychological research, physically aggressive behavior is also rooted in an individual's background, attitudes, and beliefs (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; McLeod, 2009). For example, in 2013, county jails in California reported a significant increase in violence (Lofstrom, Magnus, & Martin, 2013) marked by a rise in the number of inmate fights and assaults on staff members. Officials attributed this to gang-influenced power struggles inside jails, a higher number of felons being sentenced to county facilities, and housing offenders who previously would have gone to State prisons. By expanding the focus beyond power and control to attitudes, background, and beliefs, the correctional staff in those facilities would acquire invaluable information that would enable them to make better predictions, identify behaviors, and intervene more effectively regardless of inmates' custody status. For example, a history of victimization or trauma is often predictive of engagement in physically aggres­ sive behavior, whereas frail egos, low self-esteem, and seclusion are factors that contribute to self-destructive behaviors (Twenge, Catanese, & Baumeister, 2002).

Correctional officers who learn about the causes of aggression also gain insight into the strategies required to head off physically aggressive action. The ability to recognize the behavioral motivations and situational cues that lead to aggression is a major aid in making the most effective interventions. Psychology-based training

helps identify a variety of behaviors and characteristics that indicate when an inmate may be close to physi­ cal aggression. For example, inmates with personality disorders or inmates who are seriously mentally ill may show subtle signs and then act out violently, thus requiring physical restraint. Conversely, inmates with autism spectrum disorders may exhibit tantrums, self- injury, or aggression. If a correctional officer recognizes the behavior of an autistic individual and makes the appropriate referral, these behaviors can be diminished through medication (McDougle et al., 2005). Therefore, it is advantageous for correctional staff to understand the dynamics, the signs, and the causes of aggressive behav­ ior in order to employ skillful observation.

In addition, it is well documented that correctional officers' attitudes directly affect the behavior of their charges. Correctional officers with high levels of stress are more likely to be less effective and less satisfied with their jobs (Tewksbury & Higgins, 2006). Stressed or angry staff members are therefore an impediment to managing inmate aggression. Understanding how offi­ cers' demeanor significantly influences the behavior of those they supervise helps correctional officers discern the importance of knowing their own strengths and weaknesses.

Finally, to implement this new approach effectively, one must have staff buy-in. Correctional officers tend to accept a training approach as worthwhile if they realize that prevention is much better than dealing with con­ sequences. Correctional officers also begin to see pre­ vention as an effective way to avoid sudden attack and possible personal injury.

Better knowledge of the decision-making processes of offenders has had important implications for crime- control policies (Clarke & Cornish, 1985). Similarly, it is important to understand the psychological processes that lead inmates to the decision or impulse to act out violently. By understanding concepts such as inmates' body language, signs of aggression, and decision-mak­ ing process, correctional officers and other staff members are given the tools to recognize and effectively diffuse potential problems before they occur.

U n d e r s ta n d in g h o w o ffic e r s ' d e m e a n o r s ig n ific a o tly in flo e n c e s th e

b e h a v io r o f th o s e t h e y s o p e rv is e h e lp s c o r r e c t io n a l o ffic e r s d is c e rn

th e im p o r ta n c e o f k n o w in g t h e i r o w n s tr e n g th s a n d w e a k n e s s e s .

2 8 i MAY I JU N E 2015 A M E R IC A N J a ils

Conclusion Because in carcerated p o p u la tio n s h av e u n d e rg o n e

su ch a d ra stic d em o g ra p h ic a n d b e h a v io ra l change in th e p a s t few d ecad es, p re v io u s m e th o d s for an d p e rsp e c ­ tives o n m a n a g in g ag g ressio n will n o lo n g er achieve th e d e sire d outcom es. For exam ple, th e ra te of fem ale incarceratio n q u in tu p le d in a tw o -d e cad e p e rio d an d 40 p e rc e n t of the N a tio n 's juvenile in m ates are n o w h o u se d in p riv a te facilities (K irkham , 2013). C o m m o n sense su g ­ gests th a t w e try a n e w ap p ro ach . M an a g in g aggressive in m a te s re q u ires staff to b e alert, o b serv an t, a n d aw are at all tim es. Staff m u st p re e m p tiv e ly set th e to n e for b e h a v ­ io r a n d m ak e su re th a t th ey are n o t b ein g m a n ip u la te d b y in m a te s' d ec ep tio n s, false statem en ts, o r cover-ups (C ornelius, 2009).

A n increase in b e h a v io ra lly challenged, em o tio n ally d is tu rb e d , a n d ph y sically ag gressive in m ates, along w ith th e in cre ased u se of w e ap o n s, h a s re n d e re d p a s t m e th o d s o u td a te d co n sid erin g ad v a n c e m e n ts in the field. By a p p ro a c h in g p o te n tia lly ag gressive situ atio n s w ith p re v e n tiv e ra th e r th a n re sp o n siv e action, correc­ tional staff can stead ily im p ro v e th eir ability to id en tify signs of in m a te aggression, recognize p o ten tially v olatile situ atio n s, a n d em p lo y d e-escalatio n skills. In ad d itio n , co rrectio n al officers w ill feel m o re co n fid en t m a n a g in g p o te n tia lly v io len t situ atio n s th a t could a n d often do le a d to violence. T hus, w h e n d ea lin g w ith aggressive in m ates, staff w ill be e q u ip p e d w ith p re e m p tiv e skills th a t w ill d ecrease th e n e e d for ph y sical in terv e n tio n . ■

Resources Bandura, A. & Ribes-Inesta, E. (1976). Social learning analysis

of aggression. In Bandura, A. (Ed.), Analysis of delinquency and aggression. Oxford, England: Erlbaum.

Clarke, R. V., & Cornish, D. B. (1985). Modeling offenders' deci­ sions: A framework for research and policy. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (pp. 147-185) (Vol. 6). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Cornelius, G. (2009). The art of the con: Avoiding offender manipulation. Alexandria, VA: American Correctional Association.

Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

Gardner, W. I., Cole, C. L., Davidson, D. R, Karan, O. C. (1986, March). Reducing aggression in individuals with develop­ mental disabilities: An expanded stimulus control, assess­ ment, and intervention model. Education & Training of the Mentally Retarded, 21(1), 31-2.

Kirkham, C. (2013, October 22). Prisoners of profit: Private prison empire rises despite startling record pf juvenile abuse. The Huffington Post.

Lofstrom, M. & Martin, B. (2013). California's county jails. Public Policy Institute of California. Retrieved from h ttp ://w w w . ppic.org/main/publication_show.asp?i=1061

McDougle, C. ]., Scahill, L., Aman, M. G., McCracken, J. T., Tierney, E., Davies, M . , . . . Vitiello, B. (2005). Risperidone for the core symptom domains of autism: Results from the study by the Autism Network of the Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology. American journal of Psychiatry, 162,1142-1148.

McLeod, S. A. (2009). Attitudes and behavior. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/attitudes.html

Tewksbury, R., & Higgins, G. (2006). Prison staff and work stress: The role of organizational and emotional influences. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 30,247-266.

Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Social exclusion causes self-defeating behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 606-615.

W ith 25 years' experience in the field of psychology, Dr. Carlton Payne is the Chief Psychologist o f the Philadelphia Prison System. He is also the Assistant Director of Workshops for Teens, a form er chair o f the Association of Black Psychologists, and a professor at The University o f Pennsylvania, Neumann College, Alvernia College, and Camden County College. Dr. Payne has received five com­ mendations from the City o f Philadelphia for distinction in performance of duty. He holds a Bachelor o f Arts degree from La Salle University, a Master o f Science from Villanova University, and a Ph.D. from Temple University— all in psychology. You may contact Dr. Payne at [email protected] prisons.phila.gov.

The Denver S h eriff Departm ent is looking fo r Deputy Sheriffs. T h e e n tr y – le v e l s a la r y r a n g e is $ 4 9 ,8 3 5 —$69 ,4 4 4 . L a te r a l e n t r y s t a r t i n g r a n g e (b a s e d o n c r e d ite d e x p e r ie n c e ) is $ 5 2 ,8 5 6 —$62 ,6 5 5 .

A t th e t i m e a p p lic a tio n , D e p u ty S h e r iffs m u s t: © Be a t le a s t 21 y e a r s o f age. © Have a h ig h s c h o o l d ip lo m a /G E D . © Be a U.S. c itiz e n . © P o s s e s s a v a lid C o lo r a d o C la s s “ R” d r i v e r ’ s lic e n s e .

To a p p ly o n lin e , lo g o n to www.denvergov.org/Sheriff.

A M E R IC A N ja ils MAY I JU N E 2015 | 29

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