23 Jan summary of the virtual laboratory experiments that cover the following topics: the results you observed the analysis that yo

Upon completion of this course, students should:

1. Identify physical properties of the three states of matter. 


2. Categorize the components of fire. 


3. Recall the physical and chemical properties of fire. 


4. Describe and apply the process of burning. 


5. Define and use basic terms and concepts associated with the 
chemistry and dynamics of fire. 


6. Describe the dynamics of fire. 


7. Discuss various materials and their relationship to fires as fuel. 


8. Demonstrate knowledge of the characteristics of water as a fire 
suppression agent. 


9. Articulate other suppression agents and strategies. 


10. Compare other methods and techniques of fire extinguishments. 


Course Learning Outcomes: Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:

·   Write a technical report that presents the laboratory background, results and acceptable conclusions 


·   Independently research issues related to fire behavior and combustion 


·   Utilize industry standard software and equipment for fire tests 


,

Worksheet I – Ignition part 1

Fire Science Virtual Laboratory

Directions:

The virtual laboratory is located on the www.firesciencetools.com website. Here is a direct link to the virtual laboratory.

Each of the six sections should take around 20 minutes to complete.

If any of the videos do not play for some reason, make a note on the sheet and move on to the next one.

a. Electrical Ignition :

This experiment involves using an apparatus to determine the DC electrical current required to ignite steel wool. The power supply is 12V direct current. Using ohm law (V=IR) to determine the current necessary to heat the steel wool to ignition.

Does the steel wool ignite during the experiment? ______yes_______ (yes / no)

At what maximum resistance does the steel wool ignite? ______10_________ (ohms)

To determine the current needed to ignite the steel wool you will increase the resistance in the system until the wool no longer ignites. Using ohms law the current can be calculated by dividing the voltage by the resistance (I = V/R)

At what current does the steel wool ignite? _____________1.2___________ (Amps)

b. Fire Plunger :

The fire plunger uses adiabatic temperature increase to ignite cotton. For some compression systems the temperature increase can be estimated by the combined gas law (P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2). Cotton is found to auto-ignite at 530K. The inside diameter of the tube is 0.01m, and the open volume is initially 8cm tall. The initial pressure is 298K, and 14.7 psi.

What is the initial volume inside the plunger? ______6.28_cm^3_________

Based on the video, what is the volume of the gas when the cotton ignites? _______0.78_cm^3________

(it will be something very small)

Can you estimate the pressure inside of the plunger based on the reduction in volume shown in the video and the ignition temperature of cotton?

P = 31 psi

The limits of the combined gas law are hard to define. Some researchers have said that the ideal gas law, which is used to derive the combined gas law, should not be used with systems over 10 atmospheres. One atmosphere is 14.7psi, is the calculation you just did a reasonable calculation based on this limit? _________yes______________

c. Surface ignition :

This experiment uses a variable temperature soldering iron to estimate the autoignition temperature of materials. This is not a particularly good estimation due to the characteristics of the iron tip and the energy limitations of the soldering iron. The temperature is increased by 50F after each test.

What temperature does the nitrocellulose ignite? ________500________ (F)

What temperature does the match head ignite? _______650_________(F)

What does this tell you about the hazards associated with different materials and how they need to be stored?

Surface ignition should be taken in consideration as some materials can catch on fire when touching high temperature surfaces.

d. Ignition of magnesium ribbon vs magnesium shavings :

Magnesium ribbon ignited; sparks, diffusion flame, and a premixed torch are used as potential ignition sources. What method ignites the magnesium ribbon? _premixed propane flame______________

Magnesium shavings are ignited. What method is able to ignite the shavings? ___spark____________

What is the cause of the difference between the two configurations of the magnesium metal? _____The form or shape of magnesuim _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

e. Ignition of dust (Lycopodium dust) :

Does the pile of dust burn well? _____no__________________

Does the spray of dust burn well? ____yes____________________

What does this tell you about the hazards of dispersed dusts in industrial settings? __It could rapidly spreed the fire__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

f. dust vs gas flash fire and explosion :

Watch the gas vs dust flash fire and confined explosion videos

Does the dust flash fire look similar to the gas flash fire? ___yes________

Does the confined dust explosion produce an overpressure in the box? _yes______

It should be noted that the air fuel ratio and the total amount of fuel was not matched inside of the box so the severity of the fire ball cannot be compared directly.

g. Van de Graff generator ignition :

The minimum ignition energy for most hydrocarbon mixtures is 0.25 mJ, the static spark produced by the human body is can be 10- 15J [ref]. If we assume energy of an electrical flow can be calculated by multiplying the power times the duration, i.e. combining Ohms law and equations for electrical power: If we assume that for the Van de Graff generator, the voltage is 200,000, the duration of the spark is 300 nanoseconds (0.3×10-6sec), and the resistance of air is 1.3×1016 ohms/m, the energy in the spark created by the Van de Graff generator can be estimated.

What is the distance between the two steel spheres? _________0.025_____________(m)

What is the total resistance of the air between the spheres? _______10______________(ohms)

What is the energy of the spark created by the Van de Graff generator? _______25_________(J)

The minimum ignition energy for most hydrocarbon mixtures is 0.25 mJ, should the spark created by the Van de graff have enough energy to ignite a propane air mixture? yes

Does the spark ignite a propane air mixture coming out of a Bunsen burner? _______yes_________ (yes/no)

,

Worksheet II – Ignition part 2

Fire Science Virtual Laboratory

Directions:

The virtual laboratory is located on the www.firesciencetools.com website. Here is a direct link to the virtual laboratory.

Each of the six sections should take around 20 minutes to complete.

If any of the videos do not play for some reason, make a note on the sheet and move on to the next one.

a. Ignition of hydrocarbon fuels

Watch videos of the ignition of Gasoline, isopropyl alcohol, and kerosene.

Which fuel is easiest to ignite? Gasoline

Using your internet resources, which fuels are combustible liquids and which are flammable liquids?

The covered liquids include ethanol, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, fuel oil, or any other flammable or combustible liquid that is stored, sold or kept in any location, in an amount exceeding 30 gallons. A “combustible liquid” is defined as a liquid having a flash point at or above 100ºF and below 200ºF.

What do these tests tell you about the hazards of combustible vs. flammable liquids at room temperature?

They behave differently

What method is required to ignite kerosene? Premixed tourch

What does this tell you about the hazard of storing Gasoline vs kerosene in an industrial setting?

They can not be treated the same, as each one has its own characterstics

b. Spark ignition of solids

Watch the videos of igniting steel wool, lint, and a candle using a flint and steel.

Which fuels ignite? ______lint_________________________________________________

Why does the candle not ignite from a spark? ______sparks do no not touch the candle______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. Spark ignition of candle smoke

Watch the video of candle smoke being ignited by a spark and the trick birthday candle.

Why does the smoke ignite while the candle without smoke did not? ____________cant understand the question________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Watching the trick candle video in the slow motion reply it can be seen that the smouldering front itself is not enough to ignite the smoke. There are small metal flakes of magnesium in the wick. What does this tell you about the temperature of the burning magnesium compared with the smouldering wick? _____Magnesium is highly flamable_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

d. Re-ignition of Candle smoke :

Using the long candle provided ignite the wick and let the candle burn for 30 seconds. Blow the candle out and use the long stem lighter place a flame in the smoke that remains after the flame is out. Repeat the process 5 times, and estimate the maximum distance which the flame will reignite.

Trial 1:__2 inches______________________

Trial 2:___2.5 inches_____________________

Trial 3:__1.5 inches______________________

Trial 4:___3 inches_____________________

Trial 5:____3 inches____________________

Maximum Re-ignition Distance _______3 inches_______________________

Discuss why you think there is a maximum reigniting distance.

______smoke temperature varies ____________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________________

e. Ignition of various types of matches:

Watch the videos of igniting safety matches, strike anywhere matches, water proof matches and storm proof matches.

Do the safety matches ignite when struck on steel? ___no________

Do the Strike anywhere matches ignite when struck on steel? ___yes________

Can the strike anywhere matches be ignited after getting wet? ___no___________________

Do the water proof matches ignite after getting wet? _______yes_______________

Do the storm proof matches ignite after getting wet? _____yes_________________

Using your resources on the internet, what is the difference between the chemicals contained in the head of the safety match and the head of the strike anywhere match? A match requires a mix of chemicals in order to ignite, including phosphorus. On a strike-anywhere match, all the chemicals are contained in the head. On a safety match, the phosphorus is not on the match head, but rather on a special striking surface. It is only when you draw the match against that surface that you have the correct combination of ingredients. A strike-anywhere match can be lit against any surface with enough friction; a safety match needs a strike plate containing phosphorus.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2