30 Jan Select a model or theory relevant to the health issue identified in your needs assessment. You will continue to use this mode
Select a model or theory relevant to the health issue identified in your needs assessment. You will continue to use this model or theory in subsequent assignments to inform the intervention for your public health project.
In 1,000 words, discuss the following:
- Describe the theory or model selected and explain why this is the best choice based on your chosen health issue.
- Explain how this theory or model will help support behavior change for your health issue and explain why this theory or model is best for supporting behavior change.
You are required to cite to five sources to complete this assignment. Sources must be published within the last 5 years and appropriate for the assignment criteria and public health content.
Prepare this assignment according to the guidelines found in the APA Style Guide
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Assessing Data
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Date: 1/16/2022
Assessing Data
A community needs assessment issues out community leaders with various systems, local policies, and environmental change plans that are currently in place, thus assisting them in ascertaining areas that are to be improved. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are a tremendous public health issue as they are the leading causes of death and disability globally. They are also referred to as blood vessels and heart diseases and continue to become global crises (Kumar, 2017). In 2019, approximately 17.9 million individuals died due to cardiovascular diseases, and out of that population, 85 percent of them were due to stroke and heart attack. Globally, cardiovascular diseases are the major public health issues that have been subjugated by statistics of death in the past decade. CVD affects many people worldwide based on their age, background, income groups, gender, and even race. The CVD deaths account for approximately half of all non-communicable deaths as per year it accounts for about 17.3 million deaths. Stroke and heart attacks are frequently acute events resulting from blockage, thus preventing blood from flowing to the brain and heart. The blockage may be caused by excess fatty acids deposited in blood vessels' inner walls, which supply the brain or heart (Kumar, 2017).
Communities of color who live in rural places experience a lopsided burden of ill health in the United States. The target population to be assessed is the elderly African American individuals who live in the rural areas in the United States. In the United States, CVD accounts for 4.4 percent out of the 2.4 million deaths. According to the American Heart Association, approximately 86.6 million American adults have several CVD types, and out of that, 43.7million are above sixty years old (Kumar, 2017).
Cardiovascular diseases have become so common in elderly individuals, thus a public health concern. The main contributing factors include impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, cigarette smoking, hypertension, and physical intolerance. Older people have their needs that thus influence them to get cardiovascular diseases. Diet has a significant role in atherogenesis as it has a great influence on blood lipids, glucose tolerance, and blood pressure (Soliman, 2019). The elderly require special diets, but many take foods with excess magnesium, saturated fats, salt, calories, and calcium, thus getting hypertension that disposes them to get cardiovascular diseases. The elderly are always advised to take antiatherogenic diets with less cholesterol and saturated fats and rich in fiber. This is a good deal as serum lipids get to be normalized, but they lead to the emergence of lesions which might thus cause blockage in blood vessels, thus influencing cardiovascular disease (Soliman, 2019).
Health disparities are the dissimilarities that exist among particular population groups in the United States. Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, geography, and race are the health disparities that exist regarding cardiovascular disease. All these disparities arise from patient, system, and provider-related factors, which commonly lead to ethnic and health disparities (Graham, 2016). At the patient level, the behaviors of an individual’s such as diet and exercise, and other genetic factors may lead to these health disparities. At the level of the provider, health disparities are caused by unintentional bias and varying sensitivity to the needs and differences of various patient backgrounds. At the level of the health system, health disparities are caused by care access, cultural competency, insurance coverage, and the infrastructure kinds needed to address the patients varied needs (Graham, 2016).
Before a cardiovascular program can be implemented to help the African-American individuals living in rural areas with cardiovascular diseases, their cultural values and practices will need to be considered. In this community, their religious and cultural beliefs are to be understood first. Some of them include the lack of trust in the health system and its health care professionals and fear that when surgery is performed to remove a clot, it may cause cancer. Other considerations include older adults who might prefer seeking treatment from prayer, home remedies, advice from friends or families, and spiritual healers (O’Rourke and McDowell n.d.). According to this community, an absence of spiritual imbalance can be viewed as a mental, physical, acute, or chronic disease, and that is why that belief is to be considered before setting up a program that will help them understand the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. The community also believes that if they use opioids to relieve pain, it might cause addiction (O’Rourke and McDowell n.d.).
In addressing the cardiovascular disease issue in the elderly African American various barriers might be experienced. The choices of food determinants are complex; thus, challenges may arise based on the community's cultural preferences, nutritional environment, economic considerations, and individual-level factors. This is because to have the best diet and food, and one should be financially stable. This community is prone to experiencing an unfavorable nutritional environment, thus little access to the required healthy foods. The quality of foods that are healthy, their availability, and prices might be a significant barrier regarding diet quality (Kris‐Etherton et al., 2020). Assess to food assistance programs, income, the power of purchasing food, and food security are some of the economic barriers that these communities can go through, thus limiting them to getting healthy food. Their social support and cultural norms might also hinder them from receiving the best of care from hospitals as most of them believe they can get well through home remedies and spiritually. Many also do not believe in medical treatment as their cultures forbid them to. An individual’s preferences, psychology, and situation are some barriers that can hinder one from addressing the cardiovascular issue because no one can be forced to believe whatever they do not want to. Most of the older individuals might prefer going to a native doctor or a spiritual leader to receive their treatment, so convincing them that does not work might be a bit difficult (Kris‐Etherton et al., 2020).
Food insecurity might be a barrier as it would disrupt an individual’s recommended eating pattern, thus reducing regular food intake. Limited access to adequate food is a characteristic of economic factors, which might be due to food pricing, levels of income, access, and food availability. The elderly individuals are to eat a special diet, and when they cannot afford or access it, it would be a barrier to address the cardiovascular disease issue as most of them would even get complications when the diet is not maintained (Kris‐Etherton et al., 2020).
References
Graham, G. (2016). Disparities in cardiovascular disease risk in the United States. Current cardiology reviews, 11(3), 238-245.
Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Petersen, K. S., Velarde, G., Barnard, N. D., Miller, M., Ros, E, & Freeman, A. M. (2020, March 23). Barriers, Opportunities, and Challenges in Addressing Disparities in Diet‐Related Cardiovascular Disease in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.119.014433
Kumar, S. (2017). Cardiovascular disease and its determinants: Public health issue. J. Clin. Med. Ther, 2(1).
O’Rourke, M & McDowell, M. (n.d.). Providing Culturally Competent Care for African Americans. Retrieved from https://www.aana.com/docs/default-source/about-us-aana.com-web-documents-(all)/providing-culturally-competent-care-to-African-americans-jan-2018.pdf?sfvrsn=54115cb1_2
Soliman, G. A. (2019). Dietary fiber, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. Nutrients, 11(5), 1155.
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