11 Mar Use your textbook, any related videos listed on the course homepage and related powerpoint presentations posted on the course
Use your textbook, any related videos listed on the course homepage and related powerpoint presentations posted on the course homepage to respond to all ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS. Responses should be thorough, include definitions, examples, and demonstrate clear understanding of conceptual objectives listed on the Syllabus. Each response should be 3-4 pages in length and double spaced. APA FORMAT
Match the correct chapter readings with the topics below. Depending on what edition you use the chapter numbers may be different. So, read the correct chapter according to each question topic.
FOR ASSIGNMENT 3:
Chapter 3 – Culture
Please read chapter on Culture, related videos and PowerPoint Presentation on Course Homepage on Culture to address the following question. Discuss in detail the concepts of culture and cultural relativism. What are the elements of culture? Cultural types? Is there an American culture? A global culture? What evidence do we have regarding a global culture? Define each and support your answers with examples.
SEE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION ON CULTURE ON COURSE HOMEPAGE
Video for assignment 3
Culture
How Many Cultures Are
Represented in this Class?
• What criteria are you using to determine
how many cultures are here?
What is Culture?
• All the shared activities and beliefs that a
group of people agree upon
Components of Culture
• What makes up culture?
• Symbols, language, norms, values, beliefs
customs, traditions, food, sports, art,
music, dress, technology, objects, religion,
education, families, government,
economies, etc.
Cultural Relativism
• Understand another culture from their
perspective, do not use your culture to
judge another
Body Modifications Over Time
• http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/exhibits/online_exhi
bits/body_modification/bodmodpierce.shtml
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XoxHUuiA8cU
Record for Face Piercing
Other Examples?
• Can you think of different behaviors from
our own?
• Food, holidays, pets, etc.
• Where do we draw the line?
Muslim & Hindu Parents in India Drop
Babies 50 ft. for Good Health
• http://www.reuters.com/news/video?videoI
d=81490
FGM – Female Genital Mutilation
• http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BJ0l9yDgN-8
FGM
• FGM is the cutting of the clitoris of girls in order
to curb their sexual desire and preserve their
sexual honor before marriage. Those who
survive are often traumatized and may suffer
adverse health effects during marriage and
pregnancy. Human rights activists and
international human rights organizations view
FGM as a pervasive form of violence against
women and have been vocal in the global
awareness campaigns to end the practice.
Top Model Katoucha Niane
• Yves Saint Laurent Model
Fatima from Somalia
• 22 years old, lost two sisters in the war
and is a survivor of FGM.
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) in
Iraqi-Kurdistan
• FGM is a major problem in some Islamic
societies, and the practice has a
tremendous cost—many girls bleed to
death or die of infection.
Taboos
• A strong social prohibition
• Examples?
• Incest, cannibalism, etc.
• A mores or a folkway?
Incest
• Three groups required brother-sister
marriages for their high nobility: the
ancient Egyptians, the Incas of Peru, and
the old kingdom of Hawaii.
Thonga of East Africa
• Some groups also allow sex between
fathers and daughters.
• Permit a hunter to have sexual intercourse
with his daughter before he goes on a lion
hunt.
Azande of Central Africa
• Permit high nobles to marry their own
daughters.
Burundi of Tropical Africa
• When a son is impotent the mother is
supposed to have sex with him in order to
cure his impotence.
Concept of ―Culture Bound‖
• Humor/Jokes depend upon cultural
context
Q: ―Why did the chicken cross the street?
A: ―To get to the other side.‖
Material & Ideational Culture
• Material Culture
– objects and products of a culture
Ideational Culture
• Ideas of a culture
• General Knowledge – facts and
setting info. Statements
• Guidelines for Behavior – norms and
values
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
• Postulated by Anthropologist Edward Sapir and
Benjamin Whorf
• Culture gives us language
• Language gives us ideational culture
• Ideational culture gives us material culture
• So, language, ideational culture, and material
culture are all positively correlated
Anthropologist Edward Sapir
(1884-1939)
• Born in Poland
• Educated at Columbia U.
• Arguably the most influential
figure in American linguistics
• Studied Wishram Chinook,
Navajo, Nootka, Paiute,
Takelma, Yana, etc.
• Pioneer of Yiddish
Benjamin Whorf (1897-1941)
• Student of Edward Sapir
• American Linguist
• Chemical Engineering, MIT
• Linguistics, Yale U
• Studied Native American lang.
• Hopi Language (found it to
contain no words, grammar
or expressions that refer to
―time‖, or to past, present, or
future)
Ideational Culture
• General knowledge
– facts
– setting information statements
• Guidelines for behavior
– norms
– values
Norms
• What is a norm?
• William Graham Sumner (1840-1910),
Yale U.
• Two types of norms?
• Mores
• Folkways
Mores
• Formal, written rules for behavior
• Usually with rigid consequences
• Examples?
• Laws, company/school policies, etc.
Folkways
• Unwritten, informal rules for behavior
• Not always severe consequences if not
followed, but in some cases yes
• Examples?
• Manners, family rules, how fast to drive,
how we greet each other…
The Handshake
Bowing
Rubbing Noses
The Air Kiss
The Political Air Kiss…
…and in some cultures men kiss to
greet each other…
Cultural Universals
• An element, pattern, trait, or institution that
is common to all human groups.
• Examples?
• Language, family, religion, art, etc.
Cultural Diffusion
• The rate or speed at which material or
ideational culture is spread.
• Radio 40 years to gain 50 million listeners
in the U.S.
• T.V. 14 years to gain 50 million viewers
• Internet 4 years to gain 50 million users
Cultural Leveling
• Process by which material or ideational
culture is spread in a culture
• Examples?
• Advertising, word of mouth, etc.
Cultural Laggard
• When an individual or group does not use
a part of the material or ideational culture
of their culture, or uses it much after most
Popular Culture
• Popular culture – what the masses have
access to
High Culture
• High culture – usually only the elite have
access to
American Culture
American Culture is also about:
• Values – that which we desire
• What do we value?
What Americans Value…
• Money
• Freedom
• Houses
• Family
• Education
• Religion
• Equality…
Global Culture?
• What is meant by a global culture?
• That the world is moving towards one
culture (a unicultural world)
Evidence of a Global Culture
• Global flow of people
• Global flow of information
• Global flow of goods
Cultural Groups
• Dominant Culture
• Subculture
• Counterculture
Dominant Culture
• The group, usually largest in size and/or
has the power
• Sets the norms and values for all
Subculture
• Smaller part or group from the dominant
culture
• Rejects norms OR values set by the
dominant culture/group
• Examples?
• Teens, gangs, Dems/Reps
Counterculture
• Rejects BOTH norms AND values set by the dominant culture
• Negative and positive groups
• Charismatic leader
• Separatism
• Examples?
• Relig. Cults, KKK,
Amish
Jim Jones (1931-1978)
• Peoples Temple, IN, CA, Guyana
Jonestown, Guyana, So. America
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IY3cx3
U0gYE
Amish Video
• http://www.libraryvideo.com/streaming.asp
?sku=D6672
The Amish – Subculture or
Counterculture?
P. Diddy & the Amish?
Diddy Spent His Summers with an
Amish Family
• Sean Combs spent his childhood summers with
an Amish family, shoveling horse manure daily.
His mother enrolled him in the Fresh Air Fund,
an organization for inner-city kids to spend time
in rural communities each year.
• He says, "I stayed with an Amish family every
summer. No electricity, a bunch of farm work,
moving horse manure every morning, no
telephones. It was a great experience for me, it
was something I really enjoyed."
Dominant, Subculture or
Counterculture Groups Often
Feel… • Ethnocentrism
• Egocentrism
• Xenocentrism
• Tommie Smith (gold medal) and
John Carlos (bronze medal) display
the Black Power salute on the
200 m winners podium at the
1968 Summer Olympics
Ethnocentrism
• Belief that one’s group is superior
• Produces Us v. Them mentality
Can Also Produce
In-Group Solidarity
• 1989
Out-Group Hostility
Egocentrism
• The belief that others think like you and
have the same beliefs and/or that they
should!
After 9/11
• Americans shocked we were not liked by
everyone
Xenocentrism
• The preference for the products, styles, or ideas
of someone else's culture rather than of one's
own; thinking your culture is inferior
,
The Real World SIXTH EDITION
n W. W. NORTON
NEW YORK • LONDON
The Real World An Introduction to Sociology
SIXTH EDITION
Kerry Ferris | Jill Stein
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury, the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program— trade books and college texts— were firmly established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and today— with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles published each year— W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house owned wholly by its employees.
Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2014, 2012, 2010, 2008 by Kerry Ferris and Jill Stein
All rights reserved Printed in Canada
Editor: Sasha Levitt Project Editor: Diane Cipollone Editorial Assistants: Miranda Schonbrun, Erika Nakagawa Managing Editor, College: Marian Johnson Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi Production Manager: Eric Pier- Hocking Media Editor: Eileen Connell Media Project Editor: Danielle Belfiore Media Editorial Assistant: Grace Tuttle Marketing Manager, Sociology: Julia Hall Design Director: Rubina Yeh Photo Editor: Ted Szczepanski Permissions Manager: Megan Schindel Permissions Clearer: Bethany Salminen Composition: Jouve Illustrations: Alex Eben Meyer Manufacturing: Transcontinental
Permission to use copyrighted material begins on p. C- 1.
ISBN: 978-0-393-63930-8
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110-0017
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
v
KERRY FERRIS is Associate Professor of Sociology at Northern Illinois University. She uses ethnographic methods and a symbolic interactionist approach to study celebrity as a system of social power. Her past studies have included analyses of fan- celebrity relations, celebrity sightings, celebrity stalking, red- carpet celebrity interviews, and the work lives of professional celebrity impersonators. Her current project examines small- market television newscasters in the American Midwest and their experiences of celebrity on a local level. Her work has been published in Symbolic Interaction, Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, The Journal of Popular Culture, and Text & Performance Quarterly. She is the coauthor, with Scott R. Harris, of Stargazing: Celebrity, Fame, and Social Interaction.
JILL STEIN is Professor of Sociology at Santa Barbara City College, which was recently named the top community college in the United States by the Aspen Institute. She teaches introduction to sociology in both face- to- face and online formats every semester. In addition, she is involved in many student- success initiatives at the local and state levels. Her research examines narrative processes in twelve- step programs, the role of popular culture in higher learning, and group culture among professional rock musicians. Her work has been published in Symbolic Interaction, Youth & Society, and TR AILS (Teaching Resources and Innovations Library).
About the Authors
vii
Contents PREFACE xxiii
CHANGES IN THE SIXTH EDITION xxix
PART I: Thinking Sociologically and Doing Sociology 2
CHAPTER 1: Sociology and the Real World 6
How to Read This Chapter 9
Practical vs. Scientific Knowledge 9
What Is Sociology? 9
The Sociological Perspective 10 Beginner’s Mind 10
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Doing Nothing 11
IN RELATIONSHIPS: It’s Official: Men Talk More Than Women 12
Culture Shock 12 The Sociological Imagination 13
Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology 14
IN THE FUTURE: C. Wright Mills and the Sociological Imagination 15
Sociology’s Family Tree 16 Sociology’s Roots 16
Macrosociological Theory 19 Structural Functionalism 19 Conflict Theory 21
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Eurocentrism and Sociological Theory 23
Weberian Theory 25
ON THE JOB: Famous Sociology Majors 26
Microsociological Theory 27 Symbolic Interactionism 28
CONTENTSviii
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Theories of Celebrity Gossip 31
New Theoretical Approaches 33 Postmodern Theory 33 Midrange Theory 34
Closing Comments 35
CHAPTER 2: Studying Social Life: Sociological Research Methods 38
How to Read This Chapter 41
An Overview of Research Methods 41 The Scientific Approach 41 Which Method to Use? 43
Ethnography/Participant Observation 45 Advantages and Disadvantages 47
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Watching People Talk 47
Interviews 48 Advantages and Disadvantages 49
IN THE FUTURE: Action Research 50
Surveys 50 Advantages and Disadvantages 52
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Media Usage Patterns 53
Existing Sources 54 Advantages and Disadvantages 55
Experimental Methods 56 Advantages and Disadvantages 57
Social Network Analyis 57
IN RELATIONSHIPS: Social Networking Sites as Sources of Data 58 Advantages and Disadvantages 59
Issues in Sociological Research 59 Nonacademic Uses of Research Methods 59 Values, Objectivity, and Reactivity 60
ON THE JOB: Sociology, Market Research, and Design Strategy 61
Research Ethics 63
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Nuremberg Code and Research Ethics 64
Closing Comments 65
CONTENTS ix
PART II: Framing Social Life 68
CHAPTER 3: Culture 72
How to Read This Chapter 75
What Is Culture? 75 How Has Culture Been Studied? 75 Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism 75
ON THE JOB: The Sharing Economy and Unlikely Cultural Ambassadors 77
Components of Culture 78 Material Culture 78 Symbolic Culture 79 Values, Norms, and Sanctions 81
IN RELATIONSHIPS: Individual Values vs. University Culture 82
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Seeing Culture in a Subculture 84
Variations in Culture 85 Dominant Culture 85 Subcultures and Countercultures 85
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Otaku Culture and the Globalization of Niche Interests 86
Culture Wars 87 Ideal vs. Real Culture 88
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: How the Image Shapes the Need 89
Cultural Change 90 Technological Change 90 Cultural Diffusion and Cultural Leveling 90 Cultural Imperialism 91
American Culture in Perspective 91
IN THE FUTURE: Online Radicalization 92
Closing Comments 93
CONTENTSx
CHAPTER 4: Socialization, Interaction, and the Self 96
How to Read This Chapter 99
What Is Human Nature? 99 The Nature vs. Nurture Debate 99
The Process of Socialization 99
IN THE FUTURE: Genetics and Sociology 100
Social Isolation 100
Theories of the Self 102 Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud 103 The Looking- Glass Self: Charles Cooley 104 Mind, Self, and Society: George Herbert Mead 105 Dramaturgy: Erving Goffman 106
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Impression Management in Action 108
Agents of Socialization 109 The Family 109 Schools 110 Peers 110 The Media 111
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: TV as an Agent of Socialization 112
Adult Socialization 113
IN RELATIONSHIPS: Sister Pauline Quinn and Training Dogs in Prison 114
Statuses and Roles 115 Multiple Roles and Role Conflict 115
Emotions and Personality 116 The Social Construction of Emotions 116
Interacting Online 116
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Cross- Cultural Responses to Grief 117
ON THE JOB: The Wages of Emotion Work 118
Closing Comments 119
CONTENTS xi
CHAPTER 5: Separate and Together: Life in Groups 122
How to Read This Chapter 125
What Is a Group? 125 Primary and Secondary Groups 125 Social Networks 126
Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership? 127
IN THE FUTURE: What Happens to Group Ties in a Virtual World? 128
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: “Who’s in Your Feed?” 130
Group Dynamics 131 Dyads, Triads, and More 131
IN RELATIONSHIPS: Social Networking: You’re Not the Customer— You’re the Product 132
In- Groups and Out- Groups 132 Reference Groups 133
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: The Twenty Statements Test: Who Am I? 134
Group Cohesion 135
Social Influence (Peer Pressure) 136 Experiments in Conformity 137
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Group vs. Individual Norms: Honor Killings 138
Working Together: Teams and Leadership 141 Teamwork 141
ON THE JOB: Teamwork and the Tour de France 142
Power, Authority, and Style 142
Bureaucracy 144 The McDonaldization of Society 145 Responding to Bureaucratic Constraints 146
Closing Comments 147
CHAPTER 6: Deviance 150
How to Read This Chapter 153
Defining Deviance 153
Deviance across Cultures 153
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Body Modification 154
Theories of Deviance 155 Functionalism 155
CONTENTSxii
Conflict Theory 156 Symbolic Interactionism 157
IN RELATIONSHIPS: Cyberbullying, Trolls, and Online Deviance 158
The Stigma of Deviance 161 Managing Deviant Identities 162
ON THE JOB: Is “Cash Register Honesty” Good Enough? 163
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: AA’s Pioneer Women 164
Studying Deviance 165 The Emotional Attraction of Deviance 165
The Study of Crime 165 Crime and Demographics 167
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Norm Breaking on Television 169
The Criminal Justice System 170
IN THE FUTURE: American vs. Scandinavian Prisons 171
Reconsidering Deviance? 172
Closing Comments 173
PART III: Understanding Inequality 176
CHAPTER 7: Social Class: The Structure of Inequality 180
How to Read This Chapter 184
Social Stratification and Social Inequality 184
Systems of Stratification 184 Slavery 184 Caste 185
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Systems of Stratification around the World 186
Social Class 188
Social Classes in the United States 188 The Upper Class 188 The Upper- Middle Class 189 The Middle Class 189
CONTENTS xiii
The Working ( Lower- Middle) Class 190 The Working Poor and Underclass 190 Problematic Categories 190
Theories of Social Class 191 Conflict Theory 191 Weberian Theory 191 Structural Functionalism 192 Postmodernism 193 Symbolic Interactionism 193
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Everyday Class Consciousness 195
Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances 195 Family 195
IN RELATIONSHIPS: Socioeconomic Status and Mate Selection 196
Health 196 Education 197 Work and Income 198 Criminal Justice 199
Social Mobility 200
Poverty 201 Social Welfare and Welfare Reform 202 The “Culture of Poverty” and Its Critics 204
ON THE JOB: Get a Job! Minimum Wage or Living Wage? 205
The Invisibility of Poverty 206
Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream 209
IN THE FUTURE: Why We Can’t Afford the Rich 210
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Advertising and the American Dream 212
Closing Comments 213
CHAPTER 8: Race and Ethnicity as Lived Experience 216
How to Read This Chapter 219
Defining Race and Ethnicity 219 “Ethnic Options”: Symbolic and Situational Ethnicity 221
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Displaying Ethnicity 222
The U.S. Population by Race 223 What Is a Minority? 223
CONTENTSxiv
Racism in Its Many Forms 224 Prejudice and Discrimination 224 White Nationalism 225 White Privilege and Color- Blind Racism 226 Microagressions 227 Cultural Appropriation 227 Reverse Racism 229 Antiracist Allies 229
IN THE FUTURE: Whose Lives Matter? 230
Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race 230 Structural Functionalism 230 Conflict Theory 231 Symbolic Interactionism 232
IN RELATIONSHIPS: From the Lovings to Kimye: Interracial Dating and Marriage 234
Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances 236 Family 236 Health 237 Education 238 Work and Income 238
ON THE JOB: Diversity Programs: Do They Work? 239
Criminal Justice 240 Intersectionality 241
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Does TV Reflect the Realities of Race? 241
Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation 243
Genocide 243 Population Transfer 243 Internal Colonialism and
Segregation 244 Assimilation 244
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: “The Biggest Humanitarian and Refugee Crisis of Our Time” 245
Pluralism 246
Closing Comments 247
CONTENTS xv
CHAPTER 9: Constructing Gender and Sexuality 250
How to Read This Chapter 253
Sex and Gender 253 Sex 253
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Different Societies, Different Genders 254
Gender 254
Sexuality and Sexual Orientation 256 “Queering the Binary” 257
Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 257 Families 257
IN RELATIONSHIPS: Rape Culture and Campus Social Life 258
Schools 259 Peers 260 The Media 260
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: The Fashion Police: Gender and the Rules of Beauty 261
Prejudice and Discrimination 262 Gendered Language and Microaggressions 264
Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality 264 Functionalism 264 Conflict Theory 265 Interactionism 265 Feminist Theory 266
Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances 266 Families 267 Health 267 Education 268
ON THE JOB: Female Athletes and the Battle for Equal Pay 268
Work and Income 269
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: The Second Shift: Gender Norms and Household Labor 271
Criminal Justice 273
IN THE FUTURE: Human Trafficking 274
Intersectionality 275
Social Movements 276 Women’s Movements 276 Men’s Movements 277 LGBTQ Movements 277
Closing Comments 279
CONTENTSxvi
PART IV: Social Institutions and the Micro- Macro Link 282
CHAPTER 10: Social Institutions: Politics, Education, and Religion 286
How to Read This Chapter 289
What Is Politics? 289 Political Systems: Government 289 The American Political System 291 Who Rules America? 292 The Media and the Political Process 295
DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Satirical News Shows 298
Patriotism and Protest 300 Politics: The Micro- Macro Link 302
What Is Education? 302 A Brief History of Modern Education 302 Education and the Reproduction of Society 303 Classic Studies of Education 305
IN THE FUTURE: A College Degree: What’s It Worth? 306
The Present and Future of Education 306
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