08 Apr Look back at our lessons and maps, and write a short text of 300-350 words summarizing what you have learned. There should be two short texts su
Look back at our lessons and maps, and write a short text of 300-350 words summarizing what you have learned. There should be two short texts submitted! First Short Text: FLORENCE WALK 1 – 3. Second Short Text: FLORENCE WALK 4 – 6.
ROMAN FLORENCE
WALK 1
“Florentia”
Discovering the ancient Roman florence
The Roman colony of Florence is founded on the right bank of the Arno river. In a flat area that had already been inhabited by the Villanoviani (starting from 9 century BC).
The foundation date of the colony is uncertain, now attributed to General Silla 82-79 BC, now to General Giulio Cesare around 59 BC. Many historians believed that Florence had taken the name of Florentia because it had been founded during spring “floral games”.
The urban layout of the colony is the classic model of Roman urban planning, a military camp, a “Castrum”.
Definition of “Castrum”: Ancient Roman fortified camp.
Florence: Roman “castrum”
The internal road network is bounded by blocks “insulae” (60×60 m.) and it is organized orthogonally around the main 2 axes: Cardo maximus (north-south direction) Via Roma and Via Calimala; Decumanus maximus (east-west direction) Via del Corso, Speziali, Via Strozzi.
Florence was also surrounded by an outer wall which is now almost completely disappeared. The ancient wall is mentioned in some medieval documents as "first wall" or "old wall".
At both ends of the two main roads where they met the wall there were four gates flanked by circular turrets.
Among all the gates, one is well documented, the north gate. This was known in the Middle Ages as “Porta del Vescovo” (Bishop’s gate) due to its proximity to the Bishop’s palace. It was also near what we know today as “Borgo San Lorenzo”, which continue to be called “borgo” because it stood outside the city walls.
At the other end of the road, in the south of the city by the river, was the “Porta di Santa Maria” (St. Mary’s gate). To this day, the old town that had stood between the gate and the river has been know as “Por Santa Maria”.
The other two gates, one was in the east where now, Via del Corso runs into Via del Proconsolo; the other was in the west, where Via Strozzi joins Via Tornabuoni.
Forum and capitol of florence
Forum. At the point where the two main axes met was the “Forum”. WALKS around and through the actual Piazza della Repubblica.
Definition of Forum: it is the center of social and political life. It is the main square of the Roman city, born with the function of market, becoming to follow the political, religious and commercial center of the city.
Become the hub of city life. On one side there often stood the Capitol, or other important temples where the pagan rites were celebrated.
The forum occupied a rectangular area, now covered by Piazza della Repubblica. At one point, this area was turned into a market, and later became the former Jewish ghetto at the end of the 16th century.
The column which stands in the center of the square still acts as a remainder of the city’s links with the Roman era.
The forum was enlarged and made even more monumental in the Hadrian period (117-138 AD).
The capitol of florence
The Capitol. Definition of Capitol: it is the religious center of the city.
The temple stood on a quadrangular podium, about 3 meters high. It was accessed from the forum through a staircase. The temple had a square plan, and was oriented to the east. The temple was dedicated to the important deities of Jupiter, Juno and Minerva.
The temple represented the divine protection of the city and the state.
Facade: Central portico, surmounted by a triangular pediment.
Inside: 3 cells, of which the central one was larger than the lateral ones. Until the end of the 19th century the name and the sacred character of the place were preserved by the church of Santa Maria in Campidoglio, built on a corner of the podium of it.
The church was destroyed at the end of the 19th century. Today only the street dedicated to it remains, Via del Campidoglio.
Roman theater of florence
Theater. The area of the Roman theater is now occupied by the Palazzo della Signoria and the Palazzo Gondi, which have incorporated a large part of the monument into their foundations. (WALKS from Piazza Signoria, along the left side where Palazzo Vecchio is located and Via Gondi)
The archaeological excavations carried out at the end of the 19th century have confirmed that the theater dates back to the 1st century AD and had a capacity of about 15,000 people.
This confirms a phase of great demographic development for Florence. The Roman theater building is directly inspired by the Greek model, namely the Hellenistic one.
“Theater” comes from the Greek “théatron”, means I look, I contemplate. it is a building used for representation. It’s main ground plan is semi-circular.
In Ancient Greece, the theater offered more than entertainment; it was used as a vehicle for the communal expression of religious beliefs through music, poetry and dance.
AMphitheater of florence
Amphitheater. The building appears to be located between Piazza Santa Croce and Borgo de'Greci. (WALKS from Piazza Peruzzi, Via de’ Bentaccordi e Via Torta).
It is possible to determine the precise location of the Roman amphitheater as the medieval buildings were set up on the remains of the perimeter structures and the wedges of the steps.
The building technique and the use of polychrome marble date the building to the 2nd century AD when Florence achieved great urban expansion even outside the walls.
The amphitheater is an original Italian architectural model.
It is an arena surrounded by steps for spectators. The area is oval, enclosed by continuous and concentric steps.
The building was intended for performances by gladiators and wild beasts, hunting, events that attracted a large number of spectators. The most important example in Italy is the Colosseum in Rome, the Flavian amphitheater destroyed in a fire in 64 AD but immediately rebuilt.
GLOSSARY
CASTRUM
DECUMANUS MAXIMUS
CARDO MAXIMUS
FORUM
CAPITOLIUM (CAPITOL)
THEATER
AMPHITEATER
BORGO
POR or PORTA
,
FIESOLE
WALK II
HISTORY OF Fiesole
Fiesole area has been inhabited since the Bronze age;
in the 6th century B.C. the Etruscans settled here with their original settlement becoming a proper town in the 4th century B.C.;
Continuing through the Ellenistic age and then the Roman colony, the town became a Municipium with a Forum and a Capitol in the mid-1°. century B.C.;
Walls, tombs, thermal baths, bronze statues, vases, coins, discovered in different times are the archeological finds that tell the history of Fiesole as an important Etruscan town;
In short, Fiesole develops as Etruscan town, Roman town finally becoming a stronghold of a Lombard Duchy.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FIESOLE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MUSEUM
The museum is built in the form of an Ionic temple, and dates back to the mid-800s;
It was built by the will of a group of intellectuals and scholars of the time in order to collect the findings of the excavations already carried out in that period;
In the years 1979-80 began a first restructuring of the museum, which contains the important Costantini Collection consisting of Greek, Etruscan and Italic finds that Prof. Alfiero Costantini donated to the municipality of Fiesole;
ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN TEMPLES IN GRAY COLOR ARE MARKED THE SECTIONS RELATED TO THE ETRUSCAN TIME (III B.C.E)
The Etruscan temples were built on high slopes with the use of bricks and wood;
The breathability of these materials has often deprived us of the building's elevation, of which only the foundations are preserved;
Part of the walls of the Etruscan temple have been recovered to allow the building of the Roman temple;
The temple of Fiesole, built for the first time in Etruscan times (3th. century B.C.), was destroyed in the 1st century B.C. and it was reconstructed on the central cell type and with two lateral wings;
It is a variant of the three-cell model indicated by Vitruvio;
Vitruvio – architect and military engineer who lived under Augustus, author of the De Architectura manual;
CONTINUE……..
The building occupies the north side of the archaeological area, above it is a superimposed Lombard cemetery that dates back to the 6-7th century AD;
The main ground plan is rectangular, built in sandstone;
The temple was accessed by a staircase, built with four blocks of stones;
In the Etruscan temples, the roof was formed by a wooden structure, covered with terracotta tiles, with a rich decoration of statues that surmounted it;
The Roman temple of the 1st century BC was rebuilt to a higher level than the previous one, and was enlarged with grandiose dimensions;
On the central façade a colonnaded podium was built, which was accessed by a monumental staircase, still today a recognizable sign of the Roman building;
ROMAN THEATER THE CONSTRUCTION STARTED IN THE AUGUSTAN AGE AND WAS PROBABLY COMPLETED IN THE JULIO-CLAUDIAN AGE (1 CENTURY BCE – 1 CENTURY AD)
Roman theater – archeological site fiesole
The theater occupies the central area of the archaeological site;
Its semicircle plant repeats the model of the Greek theater taken from the Roman ones, used for the representation of comedy and mime shows;
The theater is made up of three main parts: the cavea, the orchestra, and the scaena;
It is semicircular in shape, not elliptical, as is the amphitheater where the most popular shows were represented, such as gladiatorial fights, hunting for wild animals, etc;
The theater is located inside the city, the amphitheater outside the city walls;
The entrance to the theater took place from above, through eight passages, in some of which are preserved the slabs that act as lintels of the doors;
The entrance to the theater took place from above, through eight passages, in some of which are preserved the slabs that act as lintels of the doors;
The steps of the cavea are divided into sectors, and here were sitting the common citizens;
At the end of the auditorium is the orchestra, where there were organized marble seats for senators, priests and aristocrats;
This function (the orchestra) appears reduced and transformed with respect to that of the Greek theater where classical tragedies were organized with ballets and choir;
The building has been dated from the Augustan age (1st century BC-1 century AD).
MODEL OF ANCIENT GREEK THEATER
THE ROMAN THERMAL BATHS archeological site – fiesole
Every Roman city had at least one thermal building;
This public structure was very important for the social life of the population, and it appears since the 1st century BC.;
The baths were a place of physical activity and body care, but also a meeting place and study;
In the large complexes (Es. Terme di Caracalla and Diocleziano in Rome) we find swimming pools and gyms, gardens with porticoes, sauna rooms, libraries;
The building is bordered on the north side by the walls and on the south side by the hill, its ground plan is irregular;
Entering from the west side there is a rectangular basin, followed by a portico that had to contain inside a gym and another pool.
Entering from the west side there is a rectangular basin, followed by a portico that had to contain inside a gym and another pool;
On the inside there is the central hall, used for the Tepidarium function;
The room on the right is the Calidarium, recognizable by the raised floor on small pillars that created space for the diffusion of hot air;
In the contact wall between the Tepidarium and the Calidarium, the openings can be seen through which hot air circulated, which spread through perforated bricks along the walls;
The heat was generated by two furnaces;
On the north side, is the Frigidarium, the most spacious and coolest place, divided into 2 distinct spaces (gym and pool) with three arches in Pietra serena.
GLOSSARY
ETRUSCAN TEMPLE
PODIUM
PEDIMENT
ROMAN THEATER
CAVEA
ORCHESTRA
STAGE
THERMAL BATHS
TEPIDARIUM
FRIGIDARIUM
CALIDARIUM
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Places of worship from roman to medieval florence
WALK III
Santa felicita square is the little piazza with a grAnIte column of 1381 marking the site of the first Christian cemetery in florence.
santa felicita church is probably the oldest church in the city after san lorenzo. In the 2nd century, Syrian greek merchanTs came to settle here on a site near the river and on a busy roman consular road, and they are thought to have introduced christianity to the city.
The early christian church built at the end of the 4th century or the beginning of the 5th century was dedicated to the roman martyr St. felicity. A new church was built in the 11th century and the present church was erected in the 1736-39 by f. ruggeri. The interior takes its inspiration from late 16th century florentine architecture.
Chiesa ss. Apostoli is a romanesque-style church. It was built in the 11th century and re-modelled in the 15th and 16th centuries. It Was one of few in the city to have preserved its high-middle age features. It faces “piazza del limbo”, so-called because in medieval times it housed a cemetery for children and infants who had died before being baptized.
Interior: the plan with a nave and two aisles and a semi-circular apse, still show paleo-christian influences. It has green marble columns from prato with corinthian capitals probably coming from the roman baths existing in the area. the richly-decorated trussed wooden roof was added in the 1333. the apse area has maintained the romanesque appearance with undecorated stone visible. The side chapels are from the 16th century. The church houses “three stones of the holy sepulcher” in jerusalem. these were used to light the lamps of the tomb when jesus was buried. Tradition holds that they were acquired in 1101 by pazzino dei pazzi, who was among the first christians to conquer jerusalem during the first crusade.
Baptistery of san giovanni (st. john): the date of its foundation is still uncertain, although it is documented as 897. we know that it was re-consacrated in 1059 when for a period it served as the cathedral of florence. It is well-known for the competition which was held in 1401 to decide which of the greatest artists of the day should provide it with a second set of bronze doors. The two most influential artist of the day lorenzo ghiberti (1378-1455) and filippo brunelleschi (1377-1446) competed against each other and lorenzo ghiberti won.
Exterior: the baptistery is an octagonal building of centralizing plan derived from byzantine models; the classical geometrical decoration of the exterior was carried out in the 11-13th centuries using precious marbles, white from luni, and green from prato. The building was financed by an important medieval guild, arte di calimala-(representing cloth importers). Interior: the mosaics in the vault, the only mosaic cycle which exists in florence, is still well preserved. the earliest(c. 1225) are in the “scarsella”, above the altar. The mosaics of the main dome (c. 1271) are sub-divided into three main sections: one section, nearest the altar, is the last judgment with a huge figure of Christ in a central tondo; the remaining section of the cupola is divided into four bands: in one are scenes from genesis and creation; another band tells the story of st. joseph; the third band, the story of christ; and the last band the story of st. john the baptist.
SAN LORENZO CHURCH IN THE 4TH CENTURY AD., WHEN FLORENCE STILL PRESERVED ITS ROMAN URBAN STRUCTURE AND WAS ENCLOSED WITHIN ITS FIRST CIRCLE OF BRICK WALLS, IF WE CAME OUT THE NORTHEN GATE WE WOULD HAVE FOUND ONE OF THOSE TYPICAL SUBURBAN NEIGHBORHOODS THAT AROSE 2ND CENTURY AD. DURING THAT TIME, CHRISTIANITY THAT BY THEN HAD SPREAD TO AND WAS BECOMING MORE AND MORE INTEGRATED IN THIS PRINCIPAL CITY OF TUSCIA WAS NOT TOTALLY FAITHFUL TO THE ORTHODOXY DICTETED BY ROME. FOR THIS REASON, OMONG OTHERS, THE BISHOP OF MILAN, AMBROSE, FERVENT DEFENDER OF THE ROMAN CREED AND EDVERSARY OF ARIANISM, IN 393 CAME TO FLORENCE TO REAFFIRM THE PRIMACY OF ROME IN THOSE CROWDED, LOWER CLASS AREAS OUTSIDE THE WALLS. NEAR THE NORTHEN CARDUS, CONSACRED THE CHURCH OF SAN LORENZO. DURING THE XITH CENTURY, THE PRIMITIVE CHURCH OF SAL LORENZO WAS RESTORED, REMODELED AND ENLARGED (1060). THE CHURCH WAS BUILT ON THE USUAL BASILICA PLAN, WITH THREE NAVE, AILES DIVIDED COLUMNS, AT THE END A DOMED APSE, TRUSSED ROOF, WITH A PORCH IN FRONT OF THE FAÇADE. BEHIND THE CHURCH WAS ERECTED THE BELL TOWER (CODEX BY MARCO BARTOLOMEO RUSTICI, XIV CENTURY). ONLY IN THE XVTH CENTURY, THE ENTIRE ORGANISM WAS BEING TRASFORMED IN ONE OF THE MOST SIGNIFICANT COMPLEXES IN ITALIAN SACRED ART. IN 1415, GIOVANNI DE’ MEDICI, A RESIDENT OF SAN LORENZO QUARTER AND PATRN OF THE CHURCH, COMMISIONED FILIPPO BRUNELLESCHI (1377-1446) TO ENLARGE THE BASILICA AS A SIGN OF ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER IN THE CITY. THE PROJECT INVOLVED ADDING A NEW MODERN CHOIR TO REPLACE THE OLD ROMANESQUE APSE, RAISED ABOVE THE LEVEL OF THE FLOOR OF THE PRECEDING NAVE, WITH SQUARE CHAPELS. THIS SHAPE OF THE CHAPELS (SQUARE) WOULD BECOME AN IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTIC OF ALL THE REINASSANCE RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE STARTING FROM BRUNELLESCHI ONWARDS. On the right: the original aspect of san lorenzo church documented in a codex by marco bartolomeo rustici, xivth century.
From 1422 to 1428 construction went on of the central plan Medici mausoleum, a sort of family pantheon, located on the left of the new choir (later it would be called Old sacristy). During the time of lorenzo “the magnificent”, a man deeply passionated about greek and roman classicism and architecture, san lorenzo church had continued its trasformation. Lorenzo de’medici appointed His favorite architect giuliano da san gallo (1443-1515). Behind the church, giuliano da sangallo begun a new medici chapel (later it would be called new sacristy). With lorenzo de’medici death(1492) works on the church were temporary interrupt. In 1515 the medici pope leo x announced a competion for the design of a façade of a church, in which the most important minds of the renaissance took part from raphael, to michelangelo including sangallo. Unfortunately, none of did projects was carried out, but in 1519 work resumed on the new sacresty by michelangelo (1533-34).
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florentine guilds
WALK IV
The emergence of the comune
Florence represents the typical Italian Commune.
Florence suffered from the collapse of the Roman Empire (476 AD) and the bloody wars between the invading forces of Byzantines , Goths and Lombards that pulled Italy into the Dark Ages;
The city of Florence became part of the kingdom of Lombardy which was overthrown by the Frankish king Charlemagne (Charlemagne was created Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 AD);
Charlemagne and his successors claimed sovereignty over Northen Italy, so Florence was technically under imperial control;
Emperors were based far north of the Alps and the papacy exercised more immediate influence over the Italian cities;
For centuries rivalry between popes and emperors formed the backdrop to Italian politics;
Since the beginning of 11th c. there was a growing Mediterranean demand for cloth;
Florence nearby located to the waters of the Arno, showed an ideal position for washing and fulling wool;
This situation stimulated the rise of enterprising merchant companies who would travel as far as Flanders and England in search of the raw material and then sell the finished cloth in throughout the Mediterranean.
This is the time when Florentines developed a banking network, and the city’s gold currency, the florin, first coined in 1252 became the most stable and widespread currency in Europe;
By 1300 Florentine families such as those of Bardi and Peruzzi were the richest of the continent because they loaned their money creating prosperous banking activities;
The demand for labour was so powerful that the city’s population doubled from 1200 to 1300;
Matilda Countess of Tuscia gave the city its independence in 1115, so a communal government was established;
The city was to be ruled by a council of a hundred men;
Florence was repeatedly caught up in the rivalries between popes and emperors;
13th- century Florence was dominated by the rivalry between the Guelphs and the Ghibellines; Ghibellines were supporters of the Holy Roman Emperor (nobility), instead Guelphs were supporters of the Pope (merchant classes);
When the Guelphs finally triumphed, soon they split into White and Black Guelph factions, with the two sides largely reflecting family rivalries.
Medieval GUILDS IN FLORENCE
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
At the beginning, Florence was governed by two consuls, but in 1193 she substitute a “podestà” or a chief magistrate;
The legislative power was ruled by the chief guilds (Major Arts), to which were added 14 lesser guilds.
GUILDS
Every Florentine reaching the age of sixteen was forced to become a member of one of the guilds;
Failing to do so, he was called “loafer” and had no share in the government of the city;
In order to become a member of a guild, each Florentine had to demonstrate:
1. To be a native born Florentine 2. To be possessed of a property qualification 3. To pay a tax for enrolling 4. To pay an entrance fee to the guild
The members of the craft guilds were of three classes: Masters, Workmen, Apprentices;
The heads of the guilds were first known as consuls, but in time the use of the title “prior” was the custom.
“LE ARTI MAGGIORI” major guilds
Arte dei Giudici e Notai: Judges and Notaries
Arte dei Mercanti o di Calimala: Marchands or Cloth-Importers
Arte della Lana: Woolen-Manifacturers
Arte dei Cambiatori: Bankers and Money-Changers
Arte della Seta: Silk-Manufacturers
Arte de’Medici e Speziali: Doctors and Apothecaries
Arte dei Pellicciai: Furriers
Palace of judges and notaries VIA DEL PROCONSOLO
palace of MARCHANDS OR calimala VIA CALIMALUZZA (DETAIL)
PALACE OF THE WOOLEN-MANUFACTURERS VIA CALIMALA, VIA ARTE DELLA LANA
PALACE OF THE BANKERS AND MONEY-CHANGERS VIA VACCHERECCIA, AT THE CORNER OF SIGNORIA SQUARE
PALACE OF THE DOCTORS AND APOTHECARIES VIA DEI CAVALIERI
GLOSSARY
GUILD
FLORENTINE GUILDS (MAJOR AND MINOR GUILDS)
PRIOR OR CONSUL
STATUTE
FLORIN
,
GUELPHS AND GHIBELLINES
WALK V
FLORENCE BETWEEN 13TH-14TH CENTURIES
BARGELLO (VOLOGNANA TOWER)
The word Bargello appears to come from the late Latin bargillus (from Gothic bargi and German burg), meaning "castle" or "fortified tower”;
During the Italian Middle Ages it was the name given to a military captain in charge of keeping peace and justice ("Captain of justice") during riots and uproars;
In Florence he was usually hired from a foreign city to prevent any appearance of favoritism on the part of the Captain. The position could be compared with that of a current Chief of Police. The name Bargello was extended to the building which was the office of the captain.
Construction began in 1255. The palace was built to house first the Capitano del Popolo and later, in 1261, the Podestà the highest magistrate of the Florence City Council. This Palazzo del Podestà, as it was originally called, is the oldest public building in Florence. This austere crenellated building served as model for the construction of the Palazzo Vecchio.
It was employed as a prison; executions took place in the Bargello's yard until they were abolished by Grand Duke Peter Leopold in 1786.
The Bargello became a National Museum, only after 1859.
TORRE DELLA CASTAGNA (CHESTNUT TOWER)
TORRE DELLA CASTAGNA, located in the Piazzetta San Martino
Already built by 1038, the tower was donated to the monks of the near Badia Fiorentina to defend the monastery;
It became the meeting place of the Priory of Arts of Florence from 1282 until the completion of the Bargello Palace;
The name of the tower originated from the voting process used by the Priors, which involved putting chestnuts in a bag and then comparing the number of chestnuts to the number of voters;
It is said that to prevent intrusions or to minimize pressure from politicians, wealthy bankers and traders, the Priors would inclose themselves in the tower for days until they had finished voting;
The Priory of Arts was created in 1282 and represented the executive power in the city, along with the Capitano del Popolo;
Access to political life in Florence was achieved through enrollment in one of the powerful guilds of Arts and Crafts;
Among its members, 3 (later 6) Priors were appointed;
These guilds were created in the 12th century in many European cities to regulate and protect the activities of workers belonging to the same professional trade;
In Italy, trades they were defined generically “Arts”;
The Priors remained in office for only two months. While allowing a certain mobility among its members, this also prevented the centralization of power in the hands of a single person, protecting the city from potential tyranny;
After a series of laws called the Ordinances of Justice were passed in 1293, to hold public office, it became necessary to not only be a member of a corporation, but also to practice a profession;
It is most likely that these ordinances served to curb the power of the nobles;
PALAGIO DI PARTE GUELFA (GUELPHS MAGISTRACY)
The Palazzo di Parte Guelfa, marks an other important example in the development of structures that performed specific civic and administrative functions;
The Palazzo begun in the 1200, has certain broad similarities to the Bargello, although it is less monumental in concept and its construction history is more fragmented;
With the definitive victory of Guelphs over the Ghibellines in the 1289, the Capitani di Parte Guelfa grew to become a powerful magistracy;
The original principal function was to administer the properties confiscated from the Ghibellines, also it became the body responsible for the building and maintenance of the city’s fortifications, public buildings and highways were included;
The erliest nucleus of the building dated back to the 1200, although a series of enlargements took place in the following century;
Around 1420 Brunelleschi developed the construction with an imposing new hall, containing an audience chamber;
The interior has a similar clarity and simplicity, later modified by the insertion of Vasari’s coffered ceiling;
PALAZZO VECCHIO
This palace was given several names: Palazzo dei Priori (1300s), Palazzo della Signoria (1400s),and Palazzo Ducale (1540-1550 under Cosimo I de’Medici), in accordance with the varying use of the palace during its long history;
The building acquired its current name, Palazzo Vecchio when the Medici duke's residence was moved across the Arno to the Pitti Palace (1565);
In 1299, the people of Florence decided to build a palace that would be worthy of the city's importance, and that would be more secure and defensible in times of turbulence for the magistrates of the commune;
Arnolfo di Cambio the architect of the Duomo and the Santa Croce church, began the construction;
The building is made of solid rusticated stonework, with two rows of two-lighted Gothic windows, each with a trefoil arch;
In the 15th century, Michelozzo added decorative bas-reliefs of the cross and the Florentine lily, between the trefoils;
The building is crowned with projecting crenellated battlement supported by small arches and corbels;
Under the arches are a repeated series of nine painted coats of arms of the Florentine republic;
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Jews and florence
WALK VI
JEWISH PRESENCE IN FLORENCE BEFORE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF GHETTO
The Jewish presence in Florence is documented since the Middle Ages;
The first community can be dated around 1437 when Cosimo de’Medici, the Elder, summoned a group of moneylenders to Florence;
The first Jewish nucleus established itself on the left side of the Arno river, in an area that came to be known as Via dei Giudei (Street of the Jews) between Borgo San Jacopo and Via dei Rammagliati. Their loan and pawnshops were developed around the city there were no restrictions on Jewish life.
The establishment of the ghetto in 157
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