01 May Write a discussion – A file for the results of my study and another file for other studies have been attached to the discussion between them. -E
Write a discussion
– A file for the results of my study and another file for other studies have been attached to the discussion between them.
-Each table must be discussed.
2
2
Turkey’s research
Perceived Risk and Mental Health Problems among Healthcare Professionals during COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring the Mediating Effects of Resilience and Coronavirus Fear
Background
In Turkey, during the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were high risks of healthcare professionals evolving signs of mental health complications because of them being on the frontline in fighting against the virus (Yıldırım, Arslan & Özaslan,2020). The research involved recruiting two hundred and four healthcare professionals, with 50 percent of the recruited being females with a minimum age of thirty-two. The purpose of the study was to examine the interceding roles of resilience and fear of coronavirus in the connection between mental health problems and perceived risk among all healthcare professionals treating patients nonstop. Method. The method used for the study is the participation method, and the participants were healthcare professionals who took the role of in the inpatient clinics, outpatients, and intensive care unit. Results. The results of the study showed that there was a significant perceived risk forecasted in coronavirus fear, but there was a non-important analyst of resilience. Coronavirus had a complete mediation on the consequence of supposed risk on resilience, and there was a 29 percent variation in coronavirus fear.
Italian research
Mental Health Conditions of Italian Healthcare Professionals during the COVID-19 Disease Outbreak
Background
The disease in Italy represented a risk in relation to mental distress. Therefore, there was a need to investigate the healthcare professionals’ psychological health during the pandemic outbreak (Bettinsoli et al.,2020). The research was based on assessing the current mental distress of the participants and the coping approaches during the virus outbreak. The front-liners were asked to report how they recall feeling before the outbreak. The purpose of the study was to examine the psychological condition of the medical personnel before and during the outbreak of coronavirus in Italy. The methods used were questionnaires and participation, and they distributed the questionnaires online to all healthcare personnel living in various Italian regions. Results. The research outcome showed that thirty-three percent of the healthcare professionals met the psychiatric indisposition threshold. After the study, it was found that the participants viewed their psychological conditions to have worsened during the coronavirus outbreak rather than before the outbreak. This perception was a fact among female health professionals.
Spanish research
Symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress, Anxiety, Depression, Levels of Resilience and Burnout in Spanish Health Personnel during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Background
Spain had the highest number of infected health workers with COVID-19 in the world. They aimed to analyze the posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression during the period of the virus (Yıldırım, Arslan & Özaslan,2020). They analyzed several associations such as burnout, work, and others on the variation of COVID-19—the purpose of the research. The purpose was to analyze the symptoms presented to health workers in Spain with posttraumatic stress, depression, and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Several methods were used during the examination, such as using participants who were the health workers. There was also measurement of variables and instruments. The researchers collected data through the use of demographic variables. Results. The study's findings were as follows; there were gender variations in the symptoms of the three disorders. There were differences in the depersonalization burnout scale between men and women. Women are mostly and positively linked to posttraumatic stress, anxiety, and depression, and age is negatively and significantly linked to the three symptoms.
Analysis & Conclusion
For discussion part
Both three studies had a similar objective and goal: to examine and analyze the mental health of healthcare personnel before and during the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic. Both studies focused more on the mental well-being of female healthcare workers. Both three studies emphasized their research on how Covid-19 impacted the lives and the mental health of the health workers. Moreover, the three studies were focused on certain ages; not all health workers on the frontline were participants in the study. However, there were differences in the study with some similarities since these are three different countries. In Italy, their examinations were on the associations between psychological distress with mental health and perceptions of infection; in Spain, their analysis was based on associations between burnouts, resilience, demographics, and work with COVID-19 variables. In contrast, Turkey's examination was on the mediation roles of resilience and the fear of coronavirus relating to the perceived risk and the problems with their mental health.
Health personnel was greatly affected by the outbreak of the coronavirus pandemic because they were on the frontline trying to save the lives of the infected people. It was a challenging time all over the world, and thus, cases of increasing mental health problems were widespread. Many health workers had these underlying issues before the pandemic, but witnessing people die before themselves increased the cases. They take care of people without having someone to take care of them; thus, the research was necessary, and if the results were used to improve their health, it would be better than just mere research.
References
2. Luceño-Moreno, L., Talavera-Velasco, B., García-Albuerne, Y., & Martín-García, J. (2020). Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, levels of resilience, and burnout in Spanish health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5514.
3. Yıldırım, M., Arslan, G., & Özaslan, A. (2020). Perceived risk and mental health problems among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic: Exploring the mediating effects of resilience and coronavirus fear. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-11.
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Statistical analysis
Hypothesis
As mentioned earlier, this study is aimed to investigate the psychological impact of the COVID-
19 pandemic on the healthcare workers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Based on an extensive review of the
literature, the following hypothesis is developed and would be investigated throughout the research project. Ho:There is no significant relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and psychological impact on
healthcare workers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. H1:There is a significant relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and psychological impact on
healthcare workers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
DASS-21:
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Statistical analysis of the data
Data were fed to the computer and analyzed using IBM SPSS software package (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). Qualitative data were described using number and percent. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify the normality of distribution. Quantitative data were described using mean, standard deviation. Significance of the obtained results was judged at the 5% level.
The used tests were
1 – Chi-square test For categorical variables, to compare between different groups
2 – Monte Carlo correction Correction for chi-square when more than 20% of the cells have expected count less
than 5
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Table (1): Distribution of the studied cases according to demographic characterizes of participants (n = 379)
Demographic characterizes of participants No. %
Gender Male 217 57.3
Female 162 42.7
Marital Status Single 191 50.4
Married 179 47.2
Divorce 9 2.4
Occupational Physician (Consultant) 66 17.4
Physician (Specialist) 53 14.0
Physician (Resident) 55 14.5 Physician (Internship) 26 6.9
Nurse (Specialist) 52 13.7
Nurse (technician) 21 5.5 Supportive staff 106 28.0
Sector of the healthcare system of your hospital
MOH (Ministry of Health) 169 44.6 Government sector 161 42.5
Private sector 49 12.9
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Table (2): Distribution of the studied cases according to DASS-21 severity categories of participants (n = 379)
Q DASS-21 severity categories of participants
Did not apply to me
at all
Applied to me to some degree, or
some of the time
Applied to me to a
considerable degree or a good part of
time
Applied to me very much or
most of the time
No. % No. % No. % No. % Stress
1 Found it hard to wind down 106.0 28.0 149.0 39.3 88.0 23.2 36.0 9.5 6 I tended to over-react to situations 156.0 41.2 120.0 31.7 78.0 20.6 25.0 6.6 8 I felt that I was using a lot of nervous energy 130.0 34.3 130.0 34.3 78.0 20.6 41.0 10.8 11 I found myself getting agitated 156.0 41.2 116.0 30.6 79.0 20.8 28.0 7.4 12 I found it difficult to relax 107.0 28.2 147.0 38.8 80.0 21.1 45.0 11.9
14 I was intolerant of anything that kept me from getting on with what I was doing 163.0 43.0 129.0 34.0 63.0 16.6 24.0 6.3
18 I felt that I was rather touchy 198.0 52.2 107.0 28.2 52.0 13.7 22.0 5.8 Anxiety
2 I was aware of dryness of my mouth 174.0 45.9 118.0 31.1 48.0 12.7 39.0 10.3 4 I experienced breathing difficulty 216.0 57.0 84.0 22.2 61.0 16.1 18.0 4.7 7 I experienced trembling 231.0 60.9 89.0 23.5 42.0 11.1 17.0 4.5
9 I was worried about situations in which I might panic and make a fool of myself 182.0 48.0 109.0 28.8 58.0 15.3 30.0 7.9
15 I felt I was close to panic 203.0 53.6 107.0 28.2 45.0 11.9 24.0 6.3
19 I was aware of the action of my heart in the absence of physical exertion 198.0 52.2 107.0 28.2 57.0 15.0 17.0 4.5
20 I felt scared without any good reason 196.0 51.7 110.0 29.0 50.0 13.2 23.0 6.1 Depression
3 I Couldn't seem to experience any positive feeling at all 144.0 38.0 132.0 34.8 75.0 19.8 28.0 7.4
5 I found it difficult to work up the initiative to do things 120.0 31.7 154.0 40.6 70.0 18.5 35.0 9.2
10 I felt that I had nothing to look forward to 195.0 51.5 113.0 29.8 47.0 12.4 24.0 6.3 13 I felt down-hearted and blue 187.0 49.3 107.0 28.2 49.0 12.9 36.0 9.5
16 I was unable to become enthusiastic about anything 163.0 43.0 128.0 33.8 58.0 15.3 30.0 7.9
17 I felt I wasn't worth much as a person 222.0 58.6 85.0 22.4 45.0 11.9 27.0 7.1 21 I felt that life was meaningless 217.0 57.3 85.0 22.4 48.0 12.7 29.0 7.7
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Table (3): Distribution of the studied cases according to level of DASS-21 severity categories of participants (n = 379)
DASS-21 severity categories of participants No. %
Stress Normal (0 – 10) 169 44.6
Mild (11 – 18) 99 26.1 Moderate (19 – 26) 68 17.9
Severe (27 – 34) 32 8.4
Extremely severe (35 – 42) 11 2.9
Total Score 13.70 ± 10.14 Anxiety
Normal (0 – 6) 170 44.9
Mild (7 – 9) 28 7.4
Moderate (10 – 14) 77 20.3 Severe (15 – 19) 36 9.5
Extremely severe (20 – 42) 68 17.9
Total Score 10.29 ± 9.36 Depression
Normal (0 – 9) 177 46.7
Mild (10 – 12) 51 13.5 Moderate (13 – 20) 86 22.7
Severe (21 – 27) 32 8.4
Extremely severe (28 – 42) 33 8.7
Total Score 11.69 ± 9.99
SD: Standard deviation
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Table (4): Relation between stress and demographic characterizes of participants (n = 379)
Stress
χ2 p Demographic
characterizes of participants
Normal (0 – 10)
(n = 169)
Mild (11 – 18) (n = 99)
Moderate (19 – 26) (n = 68)
Severe (27 – 34) (n = 32)
Extremely severe
(35 – 42) (n = 11)
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Gender
Male 113 66.9 52 52.5 30 44.1 18 56.3 4 36.4 14.051* 0.007*
Female 56 33.1 47 47.5 38 55.9 14 43.8 7 63.6 Marital Status
Single 78 46.2 49 49.5 38 55.9 21 65.6 5 45.5 9.723
MCp= 0.231 Married 87 51.5 49 49.5 27 39.7 11 34.4 5 45.5
Divorce 4 2.4 1 1.0 3 4.4 0 0.0 1 9.1 Occupational
Physician (Consultant) 35 20.7 12 12.1 12 17.6 5 15.6 2 18.2
17.248 MCp= 0.817
Physician (Specialist) 22 13.0 17 17.2 10 14.7 4 12.5 0 0.0 Physician (Resident) 27 16.0 11 11.1 11 16.2 3 9.4 3 27.3 Physician (Internship) 9 5.3 11 11.1 4 5.9 2 6.3 0 0.0 Nurse (Specialist) 20 11.8 17 17.2 7 10.3 6 18.8 2 18.2 Nurse (technician) 9 5.3 7 7.1 2 2.9 2 6.3 1 9.1 Supportive staff 47 27.8 24 24.2 22 32.4 10 31.3 3 27.3
Sector of the healthcare system of your hospital
MOH (Ministry of Health)
79 46.7 47 47.5 28 41.2 11 34.4 4 36.4 6.173
MCp= 0.622 Government sector 71 42.0 37 37.4 31 45.6 15 46.9 7 63.6
Private sector 19 11.2 15 15.2 9 13.2 6 18.8 0 0.0
c2: Chi square test MC: Monte Carlo *: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05
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Table (5): Relation between anxiety and demographic characterizes of participants (n = 379)
Anxiety
χ2 p Demographic
characterizes of participants
Normal (0 – 6)
(n = 170)
Mild (7 – 9)
(n = 28)
Moderate (10 – 14) (n = 77)
Severe (15 – 19) (n = 36)
Extremely severe
(20 – 42) (n = 68)
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Gender
Male 113 66.5 19 67.9 38 49.4 16 44.4 31 45.6 15.347* 0.004*
Female 57 33.5 9 32.1 39 50.6 20 55.6 37 54.4 Marital Status
Single 68 40.0 16 57.1 44 57.1 21 58.3 42 61.8 18.777*
MCp= 0.008* Married 98 57.6 12 42.9 32 41.6 12 33.3 25 36.8
Divorce 4 2.4 0 0.0 1 1.3 3 8.3 1 1.5 Occupational
Physician (Consultant) 43 25.3 5 17.9 9 11.7 2 5.6 7 10.3
35.690* MCp=
0.042*
Physician (Specialist) 27 15.9 3 10.7 8 10.4 7 19.4 8 11.8 Physician (Resident) 30 17.6 2 7.1 11 14.3 4 11.1 8 11.8 Physician (Internship) 5 2.9 3 10.7 7 9.1 5 13.9 6 8.8 Nurse (Specialist) 16 9.4 5 17.9 11 14.3 7 19.4 13 19.1 Nurse (technician) 7 4.1 2 7.1 5 6.5 1 2.8 6 8.8 Supportive staff 42 24.7 8 28.6 26 33.8 10 27.8 20 29.4
Sector of the healthcare system of your hospital
MOH (Ministry of Health)
77 45.3 14 50.0 35 45.5 16 44.4 27 39.7 7.284 0.506
Government sector 76 44.7 9 32.1 29 37.7 13 36.1 34 50.0 Private sector 17 10.0 5 17.9 13 16.9 7 19.4 7 10.3
c2: Chi square test MC: Monte Carlo *: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05
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Table (6): Relation between depression and demographic characterizes of participants (n = 379)
Depression
χ2 p Demographic
characterizes of participants
Normal (0 – 9)
(n = 177)
Mild (10 – 12) (n = 51)
Moderate (13 – 20) (n = 86)
Severe (21 – 27) (n = 32)
Extremely severe
(28 – 42) (n = 33)
No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % Gender
Male 118 66.7 36 70.6 33 38.4 12 37.5 18 54.5 27.842* <0.001*
Female 59 33.3 15 29.4 53 61.6 20 62.5 15 45.5 Marital Status
Single 80 45.2 22 43.1 48 55.8 18 56.3 23 69.7 13.253
MCp= 0.068 Married 94 53.1 28 54.9 34 39.5 14 43.8 9 27.3
Divorce 3 1.7 1 2.0 4 4.7 0 0.0 1 3.0 Occupational
Physician (Consultant) 38 21.5 7 13.7 13 15.1 2 6.3 6 18.2
25.370 MCp= 0.344
Physician (Specialist) 25 14.1 9 17.6 15 17.4 2 6.3 2 6.1 Physician (Resident) 29 16.4 6 11.8 9 10.5 5 15.6 6 18.2 Physician (Internship) 13 7.3 3 5.9 7 8.1 3 9.4 0 0.0 Nurse (Specialist) 19 10.7 7 13.7 14 16.3 7 21.9 5 15.2 Nurse (technician) 11 6.2 0 0.0 5 5.8 3 9.4 2 6.1 Supportive staff 42 23.7 19 37.3 23 26.7 10 31.3 12 36.4
Sector of the healthcare system of your hospital
MOH (Ministry of Health)
85 48.0 25 49.0 31 36.0 14 43.8 14 42.4 7.939 0.439
Government sector 73 41.2 18 35.3 41 47.7 12 37.5 17 51.5 Private sector 19 10.7 8 15.7 14 16.3 6 18.8 2 6.1
c2: Chi square test MC: Monte Carlo *: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05
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