In this forum,?choose one of the disorder of the skeletal system (Chapter 3) Your post must include the following information cause(s)?of the

10 May In this forum,?choose one of the disorder of the skeletal system (Chapter 3) Your post must include the following information cause(s)?of the

Posted at 12:23h in Biology / Anatomy by

In this forum, choose one of the disorder of the skeletal system (Chapter 3)

Your post must include the following information

cause(s) of the disorder
how it affects the skeletal system and the body overall
treatment(s) and/or cure.
citation for any references (text, website etc) used. DO NOT COPY AND PASTE (this will result in a severe reduction of your grade). Paraphrase and cite your reference.

At least 250 words.

Course Materials:

Marie A. Moisio and Elmer W. Moisio (2016). Medical Language: Focus on Terminology Third Edition. Thompson Delmar, Albany, New York. ISBN: 978-1-285-85421-2

TheSkeletalSystem-Chapter31.pptx

Chapter 3

The Skeletal System

Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System (1 of 2)

Bones

Act as the framework of the body

Support and protect the internal organs

Joints

Work in conjunction with muscles, ligaments, and tendons

Make possible the wide variety of body movements

Calcium

Mineral required for normal nerve and muscle function; is stored in bones

Red bone marrow

Plays an important role in the formation of blood cells

Located within spongy bone

Schroeder/Ehrlich/Schroeder Smith/Ehrlich, Medical Terminology for Health Professions, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

Structures and Functions of the Skeletal System (2 of 2)

The Formation of Bones

A newborn’s skeleton

Begins as fragile membranes and cartilage

Ossification

Starts turning into bone

Continues through adolescence

After growth is complete, new bone formation continues

Osteoclast cells break down old or damaged bone

Osteoblast cells help rebuild the bone

Ossification repairs minor damage from normal activity and also repairs bones after injuries, such as fractures

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Structure of Bones (1 of 4)

The Tissues of Bone

Bone is the form of connective tissue

Second hardest tissue in the human body

Capable of growth, healing, and reshaping itself

Compact bone, also known as cortical bone

Dense, hard, and very strong bone

Forms the protective outer layer of bones

Spongy bone, also known as cancellous bone

Porous (“sponge-like”), making it lighter and weaker than compact bone; more susceptible to fractures

Commonly contains red bone marrow

Long bones include femur and humerus

Short bones include the wrist and ankle

Anatomic features of a typical long bone.

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Structure of Bones (2 of 4)

The Tissues of Bone

Medullary cavity

Central cavity located in the shaft of long bones and surrounded by compact bone

Red and yellow bone marrow stored here

Endosteum

Tissue that lines the medullary cavity

Bone Marrow

Red bone marrow is a hematopoietic tissue

Located within the spongy bone

Manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes

Yellow bone marrow functions as a fat storage area

Gradually replaces about half of red bone marrow after early adolescence

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Structure of Bones (3 of 4)

Cartilage

Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue

Acts as a shock absorber between bones

Makes up the flexible parts of the skeleton, such as the outer ear and tip of the nose

Articular cartilage

Covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate

Makes smooth joint movement possible

Protects the bones from rubbing against each other

Meniscus

Curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints

Examples: knee and temporomandibular joint of the jaw

A lateral view of the knee showing the structures of a synovial joint and bursa.

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Structure of Bones (4 of 4)

Anatomic Landmarks of Bones

Diaphysis: shaft of a long bone

Epiphyses: wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs

Proximal epiphysis: end of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body

Distal epiphysis: end of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body

Foramen: opening through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass

Example: foramen magnum

Process: normal projection on the surface of a bone

Most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon

Example: mastoid process

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

Joints (1 of 3)

Joints

Also known as articulations

Place of union between two or more bones

Classified by construction or based on the degree of movement they allow

Fibrous Joints

Hold the bones tightly together

Consist of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue

Known as sutures in adults, allow little or no movement

Called fontanelles or soft spots in newborns and very young children, these joints allow for passage through the birth canal and for growth of the skull during the first year

Learning Objective 3.02: Describe three types of joints.

Joints (2 of 3)

Cartilaginous Joints

Allow only slight movement

Consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage

Breastbone

Where the ribs connect to the sternum

Allow movement during breathing

Pubic symphysis

Allows some movement to facilitate childbirth

Located between the pubic bones in the anterior (front) of the pelvis

Anterior view of the pelvis.

Learning Objective 3.02: Describe three types of joints.

Joints (3 of 3)

Synovial Joints

Ball-and-socket joints

Allow a wide range of movement in many directions

Examples: hips and shoulders

Hinge joints

Allow movement primarily in one direction or plane

Examples: knees and elbows

Components of Synovial Joints

Synovial capsule

Synovial membrane

Synovial fluid

Ligaments and bursa

Examples of synovial joints. (A) Ball-and-socket joint of the hip. (B) Hinge joint of the elbow. (C) Hinge joint of the knee.

Learning Objective 3.02: Describe three types of joints.

The Skeleton (1 of 11)

Typical Adult Skeleton

Consists of approximately 206 bones

Divided into axial and appendicular

Axial Skeleton

Protects major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems

80 bones of the head and body organized into five parts:

Bones of the skull

Ossicles (bones) of the middle ear

Hyoid bone

Rib cage

Vertebral column

Anterior and posterior views of the human skeleton.

Learning Objective 3.03: Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons.

The Skeleton (2 of 11)

Appendicular Skeleton

Makes body movement possible

Protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction

Consists of 126 bones

Upper extremities (shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands)

Lower extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet)

Appendicular means referring to an appendage

An appendage is anything that is attached to a major part of the body

An extremity is the terminal end of a body part such as an arm or leg

Learning Objective 3.03: Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons.

The Skeleton (3 of 11)

Bones of the Skull

Bones of the cranium

Frontal, parietal, occipital, external auditory meatus sphenoid, and ethmoid

Enclose and protect the brain

Auditory ossicles

Malleus, incus, and stapes

Three tiny bones located in the middle ear

Bones of the face

Nasal, zygomatic, maxillary, palatine, lacrimal, inferior conchae, vomer, and mandible

Anterior view of the adult human skull.

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Skeleton (4 of 11)

Thoracic Cavity

Also called rib cage; consists of ribs and sternum

Bony structure that protects the heart and lungs

Ribs (12 pairs)

True ribs: first seven pairs attached anteriorly to the sternum

False ribs: Next three pairs attached anteriorly to cartilage that connects to the sternum

Floating ribs: only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but are not attached anteriorly

Sternum (also known as the breast bone)

Manubrium: forms the upper portion of the sternum

Body of the sternum or gladiolus: forms the middle portions of the sternum

Xiphoid process: cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Skeleton (5 of 11)

Shoulders and Arms

Shoulders

Clavicle (collarbone)

Scapula (shoulder blade)

Acromion (extension of scapula)

Arms

Humerus (bone of upper arm)

Radius (smaller, shorter forearm bone)

Ulna (larger, longer forearm bone)

Olecranon (proximal tip of the ulna; commonly known as the funny bone)

Anterior view of the ribs, shoulder, and arm. (Cartilaginous structures are shown in blue.)

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Skeleton (6 of 11)

The Wrists, Hands, and Fingers

Carpals

Eight bones that form the wrist

Form a narrow bony passage known as the carpal tunnel

Metacarpals

Five bones that form the palms of the hand

Phalanges (singular, phalanx)

14 bones of the fingers

Each finger has three: distal (outermost), middle, and proximal (nearest the hand)

The thumb has two bones (distal and proximal phalanges)

Superior view of the bones of the lower left arm, wrist, and hand.

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Skeleton (7 of 11)

The Spinal Column (Vertebral Column)

Protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body

The spinal column consists of 26 vertebrae

Each of these bony units is known as a vertebra

Structures of the vertebrae

Body of the vertebra: anterior portion

Lamina: posterior portion

Vertebral foramen: opening in the middle

Characteristics of a typical vertebra.

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Skeleton (8 of 11)

The Spinal Column (vertebral column)

Intervertebral disks

Made of cartilage and pads of tissue

Separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other

Allow for movement of the spinal column

Types of vertebrae

Cervical: first seven vertebrae; form the neck

Thoracic: T1 through T12; have ribs attached

Lumbar: L1 through L5; form inward curve

Sacrum: triangular bone near base of spine

Coccyx: tailbone; forms the end of the spine

Lateral view of the vertebral column.

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Skeleton (9 of 11)

The Pelvis

Bony pelvis

Protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities

Includes sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium, and pubis)

Sacroiliac

Slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium

Pubic symphysis

Cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones

Acetabulum

Also known as the hip socket

Structures of the proximal end of the femur and the acetabulum (hip socket).

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Skeleton (10 of 11)

The Legs and Knees

Femurs

Largest bones in the body

Knees

Patella (kneecap)

Popliteal: space behind knee

Cruciate ligaments: shaped like a cross; make possible the movements of the knee

Lower legs

Tibia (shinbone): larger, anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg

Fibula: smaller of the two bones of the lower leg

Lateral view of bones of the lower extremity.

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

The Skeleton (11 of 11)

The Ankles

Joints that connect the lower leg and foot

Tarsal bones: similar to, but bigger than, the wrist

Malleolus: rounded bony projection

Talus: articulates with the tibia and fibula

Calcaneus: heel bone; largest of the tarsal bones

The Feet and Toes

Metatarsals form the part of the foot to which the toes are attached

Phalanges are the bones of the toes

The great toe has two phalanges

Each of the other toes has three phalanges

Bones of the right ankle and foot. (A) Lateral view.

Learning Objective 3.01: Identify and describe the major functions and structures of the skeletal system.

Medical Specialties Related to the Skeletal System (1 of 2)

Chiropractor

Holds a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) degree

Specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine

Orthopedic surgeon

Also known as an orthopedist

Physician specializing in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles

Osteopath

Holds a Doctor of Osteopathy (DO) degree

Uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation

Learning Objective 3.04: Identify the medical specialists who treat disorders of the skeletal system.

Medical Specialties Related to the Skeletal System (2 of 2)

Podiatrist

Holds a Doctor of Podiatry (DP) or Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (DPM) degree

Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot

Rheumatologist

Physician specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues

Learning Objective 3.04: Identify the medical specialists who treat disorders of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (1 of 11)

Joints

Ankylosis: loss or absence of mobility

Adhesive capsulitis: frozen shoulder; ankylosis caused by adhesions

Arthrosclerosis: stiffness of the joints

Baker’s cyst: popliteal cyst; fluid-filled sac behind the knee

Bursitis: inflammation of the bursa

Chondromalacia: abnormal softening of cartilage

Costochondritis: inflammation of cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (2 of 11)

Joints

Hallux valgus: bunion; abnormal enlargement of the base joint of the great toe

Hemarthrosis: blood within a joint

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR): inflammatory disorder of muscles and joints

Sprain: ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn

Synovitis: inflammation of the synovial membrane

Joint Dislocation

Dislocation: luxation; total displacement of a bone from its joint

Subluxation: partial displacement of a bone from its joint

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (3 of 11)

Arthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA): wear-and-tear arthritis; degenerative joint disease

Osteophytes: formation of bone spurs

Spondylosis: spinal osteoarthritis

Gout: gouty arthritis; deposits of urate crystals in the joints

Pseudogout: buildup of calcium pyrophosphate crystals

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA): chronic autoimmune disorder

Joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS): inflammation of joints between vertebrae

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA): formerly juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA): Affects about 20% of people with psoriasis

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (4 of 11)

The Spinal Column

Herniated disk: slipped or ruptured disk

Lumbago: low back pain (LBP)

Spondylolisthesis: forward slipping movement of lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

Spina bifida: congenital defect; spinal canal fails to close completely

Curvatures of the spine

Kyphosis: hunchback; outward curvature

Lordosis: swayback; forward curvature

Scoliosis: lateral curvature

Abnormal curvatures of the spine. (A) Kyphosis. (B) Lordosis. (C) Scoliosis. (Normal curvatures are shown in shadow.)

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (5 of 11)

Bones

Avascular necrosis: osteonecrosis; insufficient blood flow to bone tissue

Osteitis: inflammation of a bone

Osteomalacia: adult rickets; abnormal bone softening; vitamin D deficiency

Osteomyelitis: inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone

Paget’s disease: chronic bone disease of unknown cause

Periostitis: inflammation of the periosteum; often associated with shin splints

Radiculopathy: pinched nerve; compression of a nerve in the spine

Rickets: defective bone growth resulting from vitamin D deficiency in children

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (6 of 11)

Bones

Spinal stenosis: narrowing of the spaces within the spine

Short stature: formerly known as dwarfism

Caused by more than 200 different conditions

Some adults of short stature prefer to be referred to as little people

Clubfoot: talipes

Congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus

Bone tumors

Primary bone cancer: relatively rare malignant tumor originating in the bone

Secondary bone cancer: bone metastasis; cancer spreads to bones from other organs

Multiple myeloma: cancer that occurs in blood-making plasma cells of red bone marrow

Osteochondroma: benign bony projection covered with cartilage

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (7 of 11)

Osteoporosis and Osteopenia Compared

Osteoporosis (OP)

Marked loss of bone density

Increase in bone porosity frequently associated with aging

Most common in women over 50 years old; decrease in estrogen after menopause

Osteopenia

Thinner-than-average bone density

Condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (8 of 11)

Osteoporosis-Related Fractures

Compression fracture

Occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself

Colles fracture

Broken wrist

Often occurs when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on the hand

Osteoporotic hip fracture

Broken hip

Usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis

Can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall

A Colles fracture of the left wrist.

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (9 of 11)

Fractures

Broken bones

Described in terms of complexity

Closed fracture

Simple fracture or a complete fracture

No open wound in the skin

Open fracture

Compound fracture

Open wound in the skin

Comminuted fracture

Bone is splintered or crushed

Types of bone fractures. (A) Incomplete. (B) Closed (simple, complete). (C) Open (compound). (D) Comminuted.

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (10 of 11)

Fractures

Incomplete fracture

Bone does not break into two separate pieces

Occurs primarily in children

Greenstick fracture

One side of the bone is broken and the other side is only bent

Buckle fracture (torus fracture)

Affected side of the bone is compressed and buckles but does not break

Oblique fracture

Occurs at an angle across the bone

Pathologic fracture

Bone weakened by osteoporosis or cancer breaks under normal strain

Learning Objective 3.05: Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce the primary terms related to the pathology and the diagnostic and treatment procedures of the skeletal system.

Pathology of the Skeletal System (11 of 11)

Fractures

Spiral fracture

Complete fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart

Occurs as the result of a severe twisting motion

Stress fracture (overuse injury)

Small crack in bone that develops from chronic, excessive impact

Transverse fracture

Occurs straight across, perpendicular to the shaft of the bone

Additional term

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10 May In this forum,?choose one of the disorder of the skeletal system (Chapter 3) Your post must include the following information cause(s)?of the

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