22 Jul Read the provided YAWP readings Review the video provided? Read about Controlling Dissent? on pages 670 ? 673 of the US History online textbook.? 4) Read about the ACLU on pages
https://fod-infobase-com.occc.idm.oclc.org/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=120615&loid=436174
https://fod-infobase-com.occc.idm.oclc.org/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=120616&loid=436200
https://fod-infobase-com.occc.idm.oclc.org/p_ViewVideo.aspx?xtid=120616&loid=436201
1) Read the provided YAWP readings.
2) Review the video provided.
3) Read about “Controlling Dissent” on pages 670 – 673 of the US History online textbook.
4) Read about the ACLU on pages 704 – 707 of the US History online textbook.
Using the above instructions and the learning materials provided:
1) Create a conversation starter with your fellow students.
2) Discuss about the The Great war and the jazz age
3) What connections can you make between the U.S. during and after WWI and the U.S. of today?
2) Pose questions that can lead to further discussions.
Family Feud: 3 Cousins of WWI – all grandsons of Queen Victoria of Great Britain
King George V of Great Britain
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
Tsar Nicholas II of Russia
Tsar Nicholas (left) and King George V (right)
Odd Man Out: Kaiser Wilhelm
CAUSES
Arms buildup throughout Europe
Personal vendettas:
Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm against his cousins Britain's King George V and Russia’s Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
Competition for Imperialism
Germany vying for power
Entangling Alliances
Triple Entente: Britain, France, and Russia
Triple Alliance: Germany, Italy, and Austria-Hungary
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Control over Serbia
Nicholas and George's friendship, too, was no match for the shoals of politics. When Nicholas abdicated in 1917, the provisional Russian government asked the British to give the tsar and his family political asylum. The British government initially said yes, but George – who had told Nicholas a few years before, "Remember, you can always count on me as your friend" – was convinced that if his now deeply unpopular cousin came to England, his own position would be threatened. It was the first time his friendship with Nicholas had been genuinely tested; he responded by lobbying energetically for the invitation to be withdrawn, and it was. Whether the imperial family could actually have been spirited out of Russia is unknown, but George's reaction was a negation of all the decades of protestations of family closeness. Nicholas and his family were murdered at Ekaterinburg 18 months later.
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Alliances – 1917
Germany
Austria-Hungary
Turkey
Bulgaria
Russia
France
Great Britain
United States
Central Powers:
Allies:
Italy
MOTIVES
Germany:
Believed that war with Russia was inevitable
Argued it would be better to fight Russia while its army was still poorly armed and untrained, rather than to wait until it could pose a greater threat.
England
Germany built up a naval fleet, with the specific goal of matching Britain on the high seas.
England saw this as a threat to the balance of power in Europe.
MOTIVES, con’t
France:
Had lost the territories of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany
Believed that if Germany were distracted by a war with Russia, France could regain these territories.
Russia:
Motives are less clear-cut
Russian military leaders had strong nationalistic leanings & encouraged Tsar Nicholas II to join the war
A time of great instability in Russia
A military victory would likely help the tsar politically
General Info
Started on July 28, 1914
US entered war in April, 1917
Ended on November 11, 1918
Almost 8,000,000 dead.
Almost 22,000,000 wounded
3 million US men drafted
2 million volunteered
Cost US $32 million
1 million U.S. women entered work force
Map of Europe greatly changed.
Europe on the Eve of World War I, 1914
The Black Hand
The main objective of the Black Hand was the creation of a Greater Serbia, by means of violence.
spark that lit the fuse
Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Austria) was assassinated while visiting Serbia.
The Black Hand was responsible.
THE ASSASSIN & THE ARCHDUKE
GAVRILO PRINCIP
Seventeen-year old Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Serbian terrorist organization known as "Mlada Bosna" (Young Bosnians), stepped forward and fired two quick shots. The first struck Sophie in the abdomen while the second hit Ferdinand in the neck.
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Plan was to eliminate France as an ally of Russia.
Trench warfare
The German Army Chief of Staff Alfred von Schlieffen was given instructions to devise a plan that would be able to counter a combined attack from France, Britain and Russia.
In December 1905, he circulated what later became known as The Schlieffen Plan, the key to his plan was that if war took place France had to be defeated quickly so that Russia and Britain would be unwilling to continue.
The plan assumed:
Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilise its army
Belgium would offer little or no resistance
France could be defeated in 6 weeks
France would attempt to re-take Alsace and Lorraine; territories they lost to Germany during the Franco-Prussian war.
Britain would remain neutral
What happened though was:
the advance was held up by the Belgians
the Russians mobilized in just 10 days, not six weeks, so that more troops had to be diverted from the attack on France to defend the eastern border
Britain entered the war on France's side due to an agreement with Belgium to defend her against German attack
the British Expeditionary Force reached France and Belgium far quicker than expected
the Germans failed to take Paris when they had the chance; instead they decided to attack the French army east of the capital at the Battle of the Marne (5th – 11th September 1914).
The result
After a short 'race to the coast', in which both sides tried to outflank each other, the German troops dug in to defensive positions, thus creating a chain of trenches from Switzerland to the North Sea and a military stalemate that was to last for nearly four years.
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World War I was a defensive war. Troops who went "over the top" of the trenches soon found that an infantry advance against entrenched machine guns was not very successful. Casualties in offensives were outrageously high and usually the result was very little gain. A stalemate soon settled in along the western front which lasted most of the war.
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Third Degree Trench Foot 2 days, 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 6 weeks after exposure
In trench foot, the sequence of events leading to the injury followed a fairly constant pattern. The combat infantry soldier is forced into immobility in a wet foxhole for a prolonged period of time. During this period, he first notices tingling or complains of a stinging sensation in his feet, which may become quite intense. After a period of exposure, the feet become numb and finally anesthetic, "like blocks of ice." When the attack is ordered, or he is relieved, walking causes severe burning pain; and on the removal of his shoes, the feet become swollen and warm. Three factors were always present in the carefully examined cases. First, wet cold; second, a prolonged exposure in a relatively immobile position; and third, physical activity following the exposure. Of these factors, wet cold is undoubtedly the most important. Peak casualties always followed periods of wet cold weather.
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“Little Willie" British prototype of the first tank
A Colonel in the British army developed the idea when he noticed that the only vehicles that could navigate the rough terrain were caterpillar tractors with moving treads. He realized that if such a vehicle were covered with armor, it might be just the very thing to get into and over the other side's trenches.
He passed the idea along to the government and Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, got it. He was intrigued by the idea and started a project to develop the idea.
It was so top secret that the workers were told that they were working on water carriers – naturally, they began to call them "tanks," short for water tanks, and the name stuck.
The tanks weren't used in battle until the end of 1916, but then the first batch was tried. Unfortunately most of them broke down before they got very far, but a few did get past the enemy trenches. The army saw the potential and got production underway. A year later, in November of 1917, they were for the first time used effectively to break through the enemy lines.
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However, we traded food, weapons, oil, steel, and other goods far more with the Allied Powers than with the Central Powers.
American Neutrality
Officially, the U.S. was a neutral country.
What did it take to get the US involved?
1. Blockades
Britain blockaded all German ships going to America.
Germany announced submarine war around Britain.
Y-53 German Submarine 1916
What did it take to get the US involved?
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May, 1915 – Germany told Americans to stay off of British ships.
They could/would sink them.
What did it take to get the US involved?
1915 – Lusitania torpedoed, sinking with 1200 passengers and crew (including 128 Americans)
Eventually found to be carrying 4200 cases of ammunition
What did it take to get the US involved?
The US sharply criticized Germany for their action
Germany agreed to no longer sink passenger ships without warning
Note in Bottle After Lusitania Disaster
SUSSEX PLEDGE – 1916
Germany would stop U-Boat warfare
Germany had the right to start U-Boat warfare again if US didn’t force Britain to adhere to same policies.
Passenger ships would not be targeted
Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of boats had been established & provisions for the safety of passengers and crew
If Germany resumed unrestricted attacks, the US would have to go to war.
What did it take to get the US involved?
2. Resumed Unlimited Submarine Warfare
1917 Germany resumed “unlimited submarine warfare” in the war zone
What did it take to get the US involved?
3. Zimmerman Note – 1917
January,1917 – British cryptographers deciphered a telegram from German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to the German Minister to Mexico, von Eckhardt
Offering US territory to Mexico in return for joining the German cause.
March 1, 1917 – text of the Zimmermann telegram appeared on the front pages of American newspapers
The American public opinion shifted in favor of entering the war.
The U.S. declared war on the Central Powers in 1917.
What did it take to get the US involved?
The Zimmerman Note PLUS the sinking of 4 unarmed American ships, by German U-Boats, led to a declaration of war by the US.
Convincing the American People
Posters!!
How do you think this poster helped to convince the American people that the war was a good idea?
Albert Billy, Mitchell Bobb, Victor Brown, Ben Caterby, James Edwards, Tobias Frazer, Ben Hampton, Solomon Louis, Pete Maytubby, Jeff Nelson, Joseph Oklahombi, Robert Taylor, Calvin Wilson, and Walter Veach
6 of the 14 Choctaw Code talkers.
Convincing the American People
Idealism: Fourteen Points
14 Points:
1) no secret treaties
2) freedom of navigation of seas – Britain didn’t like this
3) lowering of tariffs
4) reduction of armaments
5) adjustment of colonial claims based on Natives’ desires
6-13) Established boundaries of Europe with input from Natives Eastern Europe
14) League of Nations- world’s states have equal representation regardless of size or strength
President Woodrow Wilson
How did the War Affect the US?
Women
Women filled factory jobs
May have led to the passage of the 19th Amendment after the war
Black soldiers still served in Segregated Units
African Americans
“Great Migration” – thousands of African Americans moved North to work in factories
How did the War Affect the US?
Enforcing Loyalty
Hatred of all things German
Ex. “Liberty Cabbage” instead of sauerkraut
Stoning of Dachshunds
Espionage Act 1917 & Sedition Act of 1918 punished those against the war
Approximate Comparative Losses in WWI
Job of George Creel during the war
Sell America the war.
“Whip” up support for Wilson’s ideas
Help US raise money to fight
Stress Anti-Germanism
Sell American Culture
LEGACY OF WWI
Germany became a tumultuous place
teetering on the brink of violent revolutions
It was vulnerable to a take over from extremist elements like the Nazi Party.
A few decades proved that the Allies had gone overboard with the punishments they inflicted on Germany
Creating conditions that launched Europe into the center of an even more horrible war.
Casualties of War
TOTAL 2,017,147 576,502
Racial Tensions
Migration of African-Americans to the North led to competition between whites and blacks for jobs
1917 – 38 lynched
1918 – 58 lynched
1919 – “The Bloody Red Summer”
70+ lynched
Major race riots occurred in NYC, Chicago, Elaine, AR, Washington, D.C., & Omaha, NE
Tulsa Race Riot May 31 – June 1, 1921
the official death toll was claimed to be 26 Blacks and 13 whites killed, the death toll from the riot was estimated to be over 3900 people. Of the 3900 people killed, 300 were Whites, the rest African American
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The American Red Cross estimated that 300+ people were killed – many of whom were buried in unmarked, mass graves.
It also listed 8,624 persons in need of assistance.
1,000+ homes destroyed.
10,000 people left homeless and living in tents.
6,000+ of Greenwood’s black residents were arrested and detained– many of whom died while in custody.
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