in this journal entry, reflect on at least two things you learned or discovered through the Chapter's readings. Reflect on how a particular topic in the chapter was interesting, chal

31 Aug in this journal entry, reflect on at least two things you learned or discovered through the Chapter’s readings. Reflect on how a particular topic in the chapter was interesting, chal

Posted at 09:25h in Law / Criminal by

in this journal entry, reflect on at least two things you learned or discovered through the Chapter's readings. Reflect on how a particular topic in the chapter was interesting, challenging, boring, surprising to you and how you may apply a particular concept or theory you learned in the reading in your current or future profession.
Instructions: There is no minimum word limit for your journals, however, you will need to put in some effort and write at least a couple of good paragraphs for your reflection journals.

Schmalleger_CJ_Brief_lecture_ch01_accessiblePPT.pdf

Criminal Justice: A Brief

Introduction Thirteenth Edition

Chapter 1

What Is Criminal Justice?

Introduction

• Crime

– Conduct in violation of the criminal laws of a state, the

federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which

there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse

• Procedural fairness

– The process by which decisions that feel fair to those

involved are made

• Procedural justice

– The application of procedural fairness to the criminal

justice system

A Brief History of Crime in America (1 of 3)

• 1850-1880

– Civil War; widespread immigration; crime epidemic

• 1920-1933

– Prohibition; organized crime

• 1940s-1960

– Crime rates remained stable after WWII

• 1960-1970

– Civil rights movement; increase in reported crime

A Brief History of Crime in America (2 of 3)

• 1980s

– Increase in sale and use of illicit drugs; President

Reagan declared a “war on drugs”

• 1990s

– “Get tough on crime” era

• 2001

– September 11 attacks

– USA PATRIOT Act increases investigatory authority of

federal, state, and local police agencies

A Brief History of Crime in America (3 of 3)

• Early 2000s

– Focus on corporate and white-collar crime;

Sarbanes–Oxley Act; Madoff’s Ponzi scheme

• 2012–2018

– Declining rates of “traditional crimes; epidemic of

mass shootings; inner-city murders; random violence

sweeps public venues across the United States

• 2019–Present

– Cybercrimes threaten national security

Figure 1.2 The Theme of This Book

Individual Rights vs. Public Order (1 of 2)

• 1960s and 1970s

– Civil rights era—strong emphasis on individual rights

– Focus on guaranteeing the rights of defendants,

attempting to understand root causes of crime and

violence

• Twenty-first century

– Shift away from seeing offenders as victims toward

viewing offenders as dangerous social predators

Individual Rights vs. Public Order (2 of 2)

• Individual-Rights Advocates

– Seek to protect personal freedoms within society and

the criminal justice process

• Public-Order Advocates

– Believe that under certain circumstances involving a

criminal threat to public safety, the interests of society

should take precedence over individual rights

Criminal Justice and Basic Fairness (1 of 2)

• Justice

– The principle of fairness; the ideal of moral equity

• Social justice

– An ideal that embraces all aspects of civilized life

– Linked to fundamental notions of fairness and to

cultural beliefs about right and wrong

Criminal Justice and Basic Fairness (2 of 2)

• Civil justice

– A component of social justice concerned with fairness

in relationships between citizens, government

agencies, and businesses in private matters

• Criminal justice

– The aspects of social justice that concern violations of

the criminal law

• Administration of justice

– The performance of basic activities within the criminal

justice system

Figure 1.3 The Core Components of the American

Criminal Justice System and Their Functions

Models of Criminal Justice

• Consensus Model

– Assumes justice system components work together to

achieve justice

– Criticized for implying more organization and

cooperation than actually exists

• Conflict Model

– Assumes justice system components function to

serve their own interests

– Justice results from conflict rather than cooperation

American Criminal Justice Process (1 of 6)

• Investigation

– Evidence collected, reconstruction of criminal event,

attempts to identify suspects

• Arrest warrant

– Issued by judge, provides legal basis for

apprehension of suspects by police

American Criminal Justice Process (2 of 6)

• Arrest

– Act of taking a person into custody

– Arrestee’s freedom is limited

• Booking

– Taking pictures, fingerprints, personal information

from suspect

American Criminal Justice Process (3 of 6)

• First Appearance

– Suspects brought before a magistrate

– Suspects are notified of the charges, advised of their

rights, may have opportunity for bail

• Preliminary Hearing

– Establishes whether there is sufficient evidence to

continue the justice process; gives prosecutor the

opportunity to test the strength of the evidence

American Criminal Justice Process (4 of 6)

• Information or Indictment

– Information—filed by prosecutor seeking to continue the case

– Indictment—returned by grand jury

• Arraignment

– Defendant hears information or indictment, is advised

of rights, and is asked to enter a plea

American Criminal Justice Process (5 of 6)

• Adjudication

– Trial is an adversarial process before a judge and/or

jury to decide guilty or innocence

– Not held if defendant decides to enter a guilty plea

• Sentencing

– Punishment determined by judge

– Sentencing hearing may be held to allow both sides

to present information to influence the judge’s

decision

American Criminal Justice Process (6 of 6)

• Corrections

– Period following sentencing, involves imposition of

sentence imposed on the defendant

• Reentry

– Following corrections, an offender may be returned to

the community

Due Process and Individual Rights

• Due process is procedural fairness

– Recognizes individual rights of defendants facing

prosecution

– Underlies the Bill of Rights

– Specifically guaranteed by the 4th, 5th, 6th, and 14th

Amendments

– Due process standard was set in the 1960s by the

Warren Court

The Role of the Courts in Defining

Rights

• Rights are open to interpretation.

• Modern rights would not exist in practice if Supreme

Court had not recognized them in cases

• Supreme Court decisions have far-reaching

consequences

– Become, in effect, the law of the land

– May carry as much weight as legislative action

The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control

through Due Process (1 of 2)

• Crime-control model

– Emphasizes the efficient arrest and convictions of

offenders

• Due process model

– Emphasizes individual rights at all stages of the

justice system processing

• These are often assumed to be opposing goals

The Ultimate Goal: Crime Control

through Due Process (2 of 2)

• American system of justice should be representative of

crime control through due process

– A system of social control that is fair to those it

processes

– Law enforcement infused with the recognition of

individual rights

Evidence-Based Practice in Criminal

Justice

• Evidence-based practice

– Crime-fighting strategies that have been scientifically

tested and are based on social science research

– A major element in the increasing professionalization

of criminal justice

• Increasing demand for the application of evidence-based

practices throughout criminal justice

The Start of Academic Criminal

Justice

• Began in the late 1920s

– Early criminal justice education was practice oriented

– Focused on applying general management principles

to police administration

– Organizational effectiveness

• By 1960s, criminal justice began to apply social science

research techniques

Multiculturalism and Diversity in

Criminal Justice (1 of 2)

• Multiculturalism

– Society containing diverse groups that maintain

unique cultural identities while accepting and

participating in the larger society’s legal and political

systems

– American society is truly multicultural

• Social diversity

– Differences between individuals and groups in the

same society

– Characterizes immigrant and U.S.-born individuals

Multiculturalism and Diversity in

Criminal Justice (2 of 2)

• Multiculturalism is one form of diversity

• Diverse values, perspectives, and behaviors

characteristic of various groups in society affect the

justice system

• Cultural competence

– Ability to interact effectively with people of different

cultures

– Helps ensure the needs of all community members

are addressed

– Necessary for anyone working in the justice system

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31 Aug in this journal entry, reflect on at least two things you learned or discovered through the Chapter’s readings. Reflect on how a particular topic in the chapter was interesting, chal

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