14 Sep Decriminalization of Illegal Drugs ? Oregon recently decriminalized the personal possession of all illegal drugs. What are the potential benefits and harms of this action? Do you fe
Discussion Topic- Decriminalization of Illegal Drugs
Oregon recently decriminalized the personal possession of all illegal drugs. What are the potential benefits and harms of this action? Do you feel other states should do the same?
For your peer response replies– Do you agree or disagree with your coursemate's perspective? What additional
suggestions can you offer to support your classmate's response?
Explore this Drugs Resource Website: National Institute on Drug Abuse
At Least 250 words.
Course Book: Drug Use and Misuse. 9th Edition. By Stephen A. Maisto / Mark Galizio / Gerard J. Connors.
Cengage eReader.
**LO2, LO4, LO5**
Chapter 2: Drug Use Yesterday and Today
Key Terms
amphetamines: Central nervous system stimulants that act like naturally occurring adrenaline.
avoirdupois: Something sold or measured by weight based on 1 pound equaling 16 ounces.
bath salts: A psychoactive “designer drug” that is synthesized from various amphetamine-like chemicals and can be inhaled, swallowed, smoked, or injected.
Cannabis sativa: The Indian hemp plant popularly known as marijuana; its resin, flowering tops, leaves, and stem contain the plant’s psychoactive substances.
fermentation: A combustive process in which yeasts interact with the sugars in plants such as grapes, grains, and fruits to produce an enzyme that converts the sugar into alcohol.
hashish: A drug produced from the resin that covers the flowers of the cannabis hemp plant. The resin generally contains a greater concentration of the drug’s psychoactive properties.
morphine: A derivative of opium best known as a potent pain-relieving medication.
narcotic: A central nervous system depressant that contains sedative and pain-relieving compounds.
opium poppy: A plant cultivated for centuries, primarily in Eurasia, for opium—a narcotic that acts as a central nervous system depressant.
patent medicines: Products that were sold, most often in the 19th century, as medicines that would cure a host of illnesses and diseases.
peyote (pa– -’o– -te–): A cactus plant, the top of which (a “button”) is dried and ingested for its hallucinogenic properties.
prohibition: The legislative forbidding of the sale of a substance, as in the alcohol prohibition era in the United States, 1920–1933.
solvent: A substance, usually a liquid or gas, that contains one or more intoxicating components; examples are glue, gasoline, and nonstick–frying pan sprays.
speakeasy: A slang expression used to describe a saloon operating without a license; popularly used during Prohibition.
synthetic marijuana: A psychoactive “designer drug” comprised of natural plants that are sprayed with synthetic chemicals that mimic the effects of cannabis when consumed.
True or False Questions Answer Key
1. The first recorded use of cannabis was in the early 1800s.
FALSE. The use of Cannabis sativa dates back to around 2700 B.C. in China, where Emperor Shen Nung recommended it for the treatment of various ailments.
2. Grape wine was the first alcoholic beverage to be used.
FALSE. Beer and huckleberry wine were used as early as 6400 B.C. Grape wine did not appear until between 300 B.C. and 400 B.C.
3. The Opium Wars between China and Great Britain in the mid-1800s occurred in large part because Britain was unwilling to curtail its trade of opium into China.
TRUE. Most of the opium used in China at the time was cultivated in India and brought to China by British traders. Although opiate dependence as a major problem for China, the British were unwilling to curtain this trade because in England, those who used opium were not experiencing the same degree of dependence.
4. Khat, a mild stimulant consumed by chewing, is used by Sufi men for religious purposes.
TRUE. Khat is a mild stimulant that has been used in the Horn of Africa and surrounding regions for at least eight centuries. Sufi religious men chew on khat while meditating on the Koran.
5. Many of the drugs that are now illegal in the United States were widely used to treat a broad spectrum of maladies in the 1800s and early 1900s.
TRUE. Opiates, marijuana, cocaine, and amphetamines were all used at one time or another to treat various ailments. Use of these drugs was restricted when their physically and mentally dependent natures were recognized.
Discussion Questions
You can assign these questions several ways: in a discussion forum in your LMS; as whole-class discussions in person; or as a partner or group activity in class.
1. Discussion: Contemporary Issue Box 2.4: Drug Testing in the Workplace, at School, and at Home! (p. 45, 2.3, Current Drug Laws, PPT Slide #27), Duration 15 minutes.
0. This box in the text includes three aspects of controversy over drug testing.
0. What are these three aspects? Can you think of some examples of each one?
0. What are some things that you think should be done differently with regard to drug testing?
,
Chapter 2
Drug Use Yesterday and Today
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Icebreaker
What is a reason you can think of that people have used drugs throughout history? Raise your hand when you think of one.
When called on, briefly share the reason that occurred to you.
(After sharing by several students) Yes, those are some reasons. For thousands of years, people have used drugs for recreation, altering their consciousness, relieving pain or emotional distress, and religious reasons. (Instructor may rearrange the order of these reasons depending on who said what first and may add any other reasons students may have mentioned.)
In this chapter, we will learn more about that, including history, medical and nonmedical use of drugs, and laws governing drug use. [10 minutes]
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to…
2-1 Describe the historical use of psychoactive drugs in African, Asian, European, and American cultures
2-2 Explain how the development and use of drugs for medical and nonmedical purposes are intertwined
2-3 Evaluate the history of drug laws in the United States in terms of their effect on rates of drug use
2-4 Evaluate the effects of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibited the production, sale, transportation, and importation of alcohol
2-5 Describe the Controlled Substances Act and the criteria by which a drug is scheduled
2-6 Discuss the current drug laws in the United States and factors contributing to continued legislative action on possession and use.
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Historical Overview
2.1
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse], 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Historical Overview of Drug Use
Psychoactive substance use dates to the beginnings of recorded history – beer, wine as early as 6400 B.C.—alcohol probably was discovered after accidental fermentation; plants were used for religious and medicinal uses
Opium poppy – “joy plant”
Cannabis sativa brewed as a tea, c. 2700 B.C. in China for gout, absentmindedness, many other uses
Opium, hashish, cocaine – used in Stone Age for religion and battle
Khat leaves chewed in Africa by ancient Egyptians, Sufi religious men
Coca use in Central and South America by Incas, 1000 B.C.
Cultural exchange of psychoactive substances among Asian, European, American countries – Coffee, tobacco, opium, hashish, cocaine, hallucinogens, etc.
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Historical Restrictions on Drug Use
Relatively few restrictions before the 20th century (other than Islamic); occasional efforts to prohibit tobacco, coffee, and tea were unsuccessful; in the U.S., alcohol prohibition law (1920-1933) was ultimately repealed
Some governments acted to encourage drug trade:
China and Britain: Opium Wars: 1839-1842,1856-1858
Growing international recognition of narcotic drug use
20th-century Europe and North America used similar types of drugs; U.S. first popularized many new or “rediscovered” drugs, becoming a trendsetter in drug use
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drug Use in the United States (1 of 3)
Native Americans used peyote and tobacco for spiritual and shamanic use
Fermented drinks had low alcohol content, were used ceremonially and religiously
Europeans introduced native peoples to distilled spirits
19th century: Opium, morphine, marijuana, heroin, cocaine were easy to get legally without prescriptions at grocery stores, via mail order, and included in various patent medicines , recommended by physicians
Increased medical recognition of addiction triggered efforts to control use and availability
Marijuana was used medically in the 19th century, nonmedically more widely in the 20th century—especially during alcohol prohibition in the 1920s; popularity soared in the 1960s and has remained strong
Efforts to legalize or decriminalize: By 2020, only fully illegal in 6 states
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Opium Use in 19th-Century China
Several million Chinese men and women became physically and mentally dependent
on opium by the mid-1800s. This photograph depicts a Chinese man smoking
opium in a raised bed in a Peking (now Beijing) den around 1905. Beside him is a
woman attendant in traditional clothing and hairstyle.
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drug Use in the United States (2 of 3)
Cocaine: Popularity has fluctuated in the U.S.
Widely used in the late 1800s and early 1900s
Strict legal controls and penalties were introduced in 1914
Limited use until the late 1960s, then much wider use to date
Crack cocaine, introduced in 1980s: cheaper, more available
Amphetamines: Widely used to treat depression in 1930s, and to enhance alertness of World War II soldiers; physicians prescribed them easily
Restrictions became tighter with concern about dangers of continued use
Period of heavy use in 1960s and 1970s – for weight control; street sales
Still a significant problem today, particularly intravenous use
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Patent Medicines in the 1800s
Patent medicines, such as Hamlin’s Wizard Oil, were widely marketed in the 1800s as cures for a variety of ailments and illnesses.
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Drug Use in the United States (3 of 3)
1950s: Minor tranquilizers—continues to date; solvent inhaling—”huffing” is still a serious problem, especially among teenagers
1960s: LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide-25) – encouraged by Harvard psychologist Dr. Timothy Leary; banned in 1967; recent resurgence in popularity
Found effective short-term as therapeutic psychiatric agent, but more research is needed
More recently: MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or “Ecstasy”
Heroin: used since early 1900s – renewed popularity
Much higher purity of street heroin now
More users snorting or smoking than injecting now
Previously used by adults, now by more teenagers
Newly synthesized: “bath salts”, synthetic marijuana
Nonmedical use: fentanyl
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Solvent Sniffing Remains a Serious Problem, Particularly among Teenagers
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Medical Science and Drug Use
Long-term parallel exists between development and use of medicinal forms of psychoactive substances and their nonmedicinal use or misuse
Best examples: opium and morphine – used for pain, other symptoms, anesthesia; knowledge/understanding of dependency not until 1870s
Chloroform and ether: developed as anesthetics, but nonmedical use was fashionable in the 1850s
Cocaine: used for pain, depression, treatment of opiate dependence
Cannabis: used to treat insomnia and nervousness in latter 19th century
Synthetic amphetamines (stimulants): some were initially available without prescription in the 20th century
Historically, folk remedies were incorporated into medical practice; today, medical drugs are more often used nonmedicinally
It is impossible to keep medical and nonmedical uses of drugs separate
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Knowledge Check 1: Historical Overview
Question: Which of the following statements accurately reflects the history of drug use in the United States?
In the past, it was more common for people to incorporate the use of medical drugs for nonmedicinal uses.
Currently, it is more common for folk remedies to become incorporated into medical practice for medicinal uses.
Regardless of the direction, it is not possible to keep the medical and nonmedical uses of drugs separate.
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Knowledge Check 1: Answer
Question: Which of the following statements accurately reflects the history of drug use in the United States?
In the past, it was more common for people to incorporate the use of medical drugs for nonmedicinal uses.
Currently, it is more common for folk remedies to become incorporated into medical practice for medicinal uses.
Regardless of the direction, it is not possible to keep the medical and nonmedical uses of drugs separate.
Answer: Regardless of the direction, it is not possible to keep the medical and nonmedical uses of drugs separate. The important point is that medicinal and nonmedical drug use (and misuse) will always be closely intertwined.
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Development of Drug Laws
2.2
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse], 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Development of Drug Laws: History (1 of 2)
Legislation = The main way society establishes formal guidelines for drug use; also reflects a society’s beliefs about drugs
Laws generally restrict or prohibit drug manufacture, importation, sale, and possession
Actual drug use in the U.S. and other countries is not a federal crime
Laws have mostly had limited effectiveness in reducing illicit drug availability and use: The more restrictive the laws, the less effective they are in the long run
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Development of Drug Laws: History (2 of 2)
San Francisco Ordinance: 1875; banned opium dens (not smoking opium); had little impact on opium dens, but set a precedent for drug regulation in other parts of the country
Pure Food and Drug Act: 1906; ordered accurate labeling of products containing drugs
Harrison Narcotics Tax Act: 1914; required licensing to market and prescribe drugs
Alcohol prohibition: 18th Amendment, 1920; banned alcohol sale, transport, and import
Volstead Act: provided means to investigate and punish violators of the 18th Amendment
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Agents Pour Alcohol into a Sewer during Prohibition, c. 1925
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Post-Prohibition Legislation (1 of 2)
18th Amendment (alcohol prohibition) repealed in 1933 by 21st Amendment
1930s: stricter guidelines and penalties for possession and sale of drugs
Establishment of Federal Bureau of Narcotics (now Drug Enforcement Administration or DEA) – major goal: to end marijuana use
Did not ban marijuana; required registration, annual license fee to produce, manufacture, import, and dispense it
Only nonmedical possession or sale of marijuana outlawed
Laws grew more restrictive until the decriminalization movement of the latter 1970s
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Post-Prohibition Legislation (2 of 2)
Until decriminalization of 1970s – Two notable trends:
(1) regulation of nonnarcotic stimulants, depressants, and hallucinogenics by laws like the Drug Abuse Control Amendment of 1965;
(2) treatment of drug dependency via laws like the Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 and the Narcotic Addicts Rehabilitation Act of 1966
Landmark legislation: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970, aka Controlled Substances Act = basis for U.S. drug regulation today
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Major U.S. Drug Legislation
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Customers Turned to Speakeasy Establishments to Drink during Prohibition
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
A Federal Policeman Destroying a Rumrunner’s Cargo in San Francisco during Prohibition
Library of Congress/Getty Images
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Knowledge Check 2: Development of Drug Laws
Question: Which of the following is NOT a federal crime in the United States?
Drug use
Drug sales
Drug possession
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Knowledge Check 2: Answer
Question: Which of the following is NOT a federal crime in the United States?
Drug use
Drug sales
Drug possession
Answer: a. Drug use. The actual use of drugs is not a federal crime in the U.S. or in many other countries. Rather, the manufacture, importation, sale, and possession of drugs are what the laws generally prohibit or restrict.
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Current Drug Laws
2.3
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse], 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Current Drug Laws: Classification (1 of 2)
1970 Controlled Substances Act: source of drug classifications for law enforcement
Drugs not classified by pharmacological action but by medical use, misuse potential, likelihood of dependence
Except alcohol and nicotine, nearly all psychoactive drugs are classified into 5 categories or schedules (See Table 2.1)
Law provides for adding and rescheduling drugs, penalties for criminal manufacture or distribution
Each state can modify current drug laws
1986 – Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act: allows immediate classification of controlled substance; to address designer drugs
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Table 2.1 Schedules of Controlled Substances
| Table 2.1 Schedules of Controlled Substances |
| Schedule I: The drug or other substance has a high potential for harmful use. It has no currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. There is a lack of accepted safety for use of the drug or other substance under medical supervision. |
| Schedule II: The drug or other substance has a high potential for misuse. It has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States or a currently accepted medical use with severe restrictions. Misuse of the drug or other substances may lead to severe psychological or physical dependence. |
| Schedule III: The drug or other substance has a potential for misuse less than the drugs or other substances in Schedules I and II. It has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Misuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence. |
| Schedule IV: The drug or other substance has a low potential for misuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III. It has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Misuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule III. |
| Schedule V: The drug or other substance has a low potential for misuse relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV. It has a currently accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Misuse of the drug or other substance may lead to limited physical dependence or psychological dependence relative to the drugs or other substances in Schedule IV. Source: From the United States Controlled Substances Act. |
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Current Drug Laws: Classification (2 of 2)
1988 – Chemical Diversion and Trafficking Act: controls distribution of chemicals and machines used to manufacture illegal substances
1996 – Comprehensive Methamphetamine Control Act
1999 – “Date rape” drugs added to schedule
2009 – Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act authorizes FDA (Food and Drug Administration) to regulate tobacco products
Gives FDA broad control over how forms of tobacco are marketed and sold
Stronger package warnings; restrictions on advertising to children
Strong focus on deterring young people from smoking
An estimated 90% of smokers start smoking before age 18
Maisto, Drug Use and Misuse, 9th Edition. © 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Current Drug Laws: Notable Recent Legislation
2010 – Fair Sentencing Act: to reduce long-standing racial d
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