15 Sep Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 2. Solar Winds Both reports should be written with a word count of 70-105 words(not more than the count provided) and should provide a URL reference link
Need to present a research reports on
1. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002
2. Solar Winds
Both reports should be written with a word count of 70-105 words(not more than the count provided) and should provide a URL reference link too .
Note : NO PLAGIARISM
Should have minimum of 3 statements which describes the information about the report.
Tips: Should be in simple own words and no usage of critical words and attached the file to know in detail to write on it. This question is from a cyber security subject so that the matter should relate to cyber security for sure and should connect to readers.
Deadline Sep16, 2022 12:00Pm.Cst
Security in Computing, Fifth Edition
Chapter 9: Privacy
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Chapter 9 Objectives
Define privacy and fundamental computer-related privacy challenges
Privacy principles and laws
Privacy precautions for web surfing
Spyware
Email privacy
Privacy concerns in emerging technologies
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
What Is Privacy?
Privacy is the right to control who knows certain aspects about you, your communications, and your activities
Types of data many people consider private:
Identity
Finances
Health
Biometrics
Privileged communications
Location data
Subject: person or entity being described by the data
Owner: person or entity that holds the data
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Computer-Related Privacy Problems
Data collection
Advances in computer storage make it possible to hold and manipulate huge numbers of records, and those advances continue to evolve (new cyber warfare technique)
Notice and consent
Notice of collection and consent to allow collection of data are foundations of privacy, but with modern data collection, it is often impossible to know what is being collected
Control and ownership of data
Once a user consents to provide data, the data is out of that user’s control. It may be held indefinitely or shared with other entities.
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Fair Information Practices
Data should be obtained lawfully and fairly
Data should be relevant to their purposes, accurate, complete, and up to date
The purposes for which data will be used should be identified and that data destroyed if no longer necessary for that purpose
Use for purposes other than those specified is authorized only with consent of data subject or by authority of law
Procedures to guard against loss, corruption, destruction, or misuse of data should be established
It should be possible to acquire information about the collection, storage, and use of personal data systems
The data subjects normally have a right to access and challenge data relating to them
A data controller should be designated and accountable for complying with the measures to effect these principles
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Based on a 1973 study led by Willis Ware.
5
U.S. Privacy Laws
The 1974 Privacy Act embodies most of the principles above but applies only to data collected by the U.S. government
Other federal privacy laws:
HIPAA (healthcare data)
GLBA (financial data)
COPPA (children’s web access)
FERPA (student records)
State privacy law varies widely
6
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Non-U.S. Privacy Principles
European Privacy Directive (1995)
Applies the Ware Committee’s principles to governments and businesses
Also provides for extra protection for sensitive data, strong limits on data transfer, and independent oversight to ensure compliance
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)
Europeans will be able to tell companies to stop profiling them, they’ll have much greater control over what happens to their data, and they’ll find it easier to launch complaints about the misuse of their information. What’s more, the companies on the receiving end of those complaints face serious fines if they don’t toe the line.
A list of other nations’ privacy laws can be found at http://www.informationshield.com/intprivacylaws.html
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Privacy-Preserving Data Mining
Removing identifying information from data doesn’t work
Even if the overtly identifying information can be removed, identification from remaining data is often possible
Data perturbation (probability or value distribution)
As discussed in Chapter 7, data perturbation can limit the privacy risks associated with the data without impacting analysis results
Data mining often focuses on correlation and aggregation, both of which can generally be reliably accomplished with perturbed data
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Precautions for Web Surfing
Cookies (EU Cookie Law update 2017)
Cookies are a way for websites to store data locally on a user’s machine
They may contain sensitive personal information, such as credit card numbers
Third-party tracking cookies
Some companies specialize in tracking users by having numerous popular sites place their cookies in users’ browsers
This tracking information is used for online profiling, which is generally used for targeted advertising
Web bugs
A web bug is more active than a cookie and has the ability to immediately send information about user behavior to advertising services
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Spyware
Spyware is code designed to spy on a user, collecting data
General spyware:
Advertising applications, identity theft
Hijackers:
Hijack existing programs and use them for different purposes, such as reconfiguring file sharing software to share sensitive information
Adware
Displays selected advertisements in pop-up windows or the main browser window
Often installed in a misleading way as part of other software packages
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Where Does Email Go?
When Janet sends an email to Scott, the message is transferred via simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP)
The message is then transferred through multiple ISPs and servers before it arrives at Scott’s post office protocol (POP) server
Scott receives the email when his email client logs into the POP server on his behalf
Any of the servers in this chain of communication can see and keep Janet’s email
Demonstrate
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Anonymous or Disappearing Email
Disposable email addresses from sites like mailinator.com
Remailers are trusted third parties that replace real addresses with pseudonymous ones to protect identities in correspondence
Multiple remailers can be used in a TOR-like configuration to gain stronger anonymity
Disappearing email
Because email travels through so many servers, it cannot be made to truly disappear
Messaging services like Snapchat, which claims to make messages disappear, cannot guarantee that recipients will not be able to save those messages
12
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The TOR-like configuration: The sender selects three remailers; he encrypts the message with each of their public keys in succession; he then sends the message through them in the reverse of that order, with each one’s public key being able to open only one layer of message.
12
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)
RFID tags are small, low-power wireless radio transmitters
When a tag receives a signal on the correct frequency, it responds with its unique ID number
Privacy concerns:
As RFID tags become cheaper and more ubiquitous, and RFID readers are installed in more places, it may become possible to track individuals wherever they go
As RFID tags are put on more items, it will become increasingly possible to discern personal information by reading those tags
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Other Emerging Technologies
Electronic voting
Among other issues, research into electronic voting includes privacy concerns, such as maintaining privacy of who has voted and who each person voted for
Voice over IP (VoIP)
While VoIP adds the possibility of encryption to voice calls, it also allows a new set of service providers to track sources and destinations of those calls
Cloud computing
Physical location of information in the cloud may have significant effects on privacy and confidentiality protections
Cloud data may have more than one legal location at a time
Laws could oblige cloud providers to examine user data for evidence of criminal activity
Legal uncertainties make it difficult to assess the status of cloud data
14
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Summary
What data is considered private is subjective
Privacy laws vary widely by jurisdiction
Cookies and web bugs track user behavior across websites
Spyware can be used to track behavior for targeted advertising or for much more nefarious purposes
Email has little privacy protection by default
Emerging technologies are fraught with privacy uncertainties, including both technological and legal issues
15
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Security in Computing, Fifth Edition
Chapter 10: Management and Incidents
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
1
Chapter 10 Objectives
Study the contents of a good security plan
Learn to plan for business continuity and responding to incidents
Outline the steps and best practices of risk analysis
Learn to prepare for natural and human-caused disasters
2
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Contents of a Security Plan
A security plan identifies and organizes the security activities for a computing system.
The plan is both a description of the current situation and a map for improvement.
The plan is both an official record of current security practices and a blueprint for orderly change to improve those practices.
3
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
3
Contents of a Security Plan
Policy, indicating the goals of a computer security effort and the willingness of the people involved to work to achieve those goals
Current state, describing the status of security at the time of the plan
Requirements, recommending ways to meet the security goals
Recommended controls, mapping controls to the vulnerabilities identified in the policy and requirements
Accountability, documenting who is responsible for each security activity
Timetable, identifying when different security functions are to be done
Maintenance, specifying a structure for periodically updating the security plan
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
4
Security Policy
A high-level statement of purpose and intent
Answers three essential questions:
Who should be allowed access?
To what system and organizational resources should access be allowed?
What types of access should each user be allowed for each resource?
Should specify
The organization’s security goals (e.g., define whether reliable service is a higher priority than preventing infiltration)
Where the responsibility for security lies (e.g., the security group or the user)
The organization’s commitment to security (e.g., defines where the security group fits in the corporate structure)
5
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
5
Security Policy
Security policies and plans can and often should exist at the level of systems or groups of systems.
An organization-wide security policy can address users and systems only in the context of fairly general roles, which, for many purposes, is not specific enough.
Whereas the organization as a whole may be primarily focused on maintaining confidentiality of data, certain systems in that organization may rightfully focus on maintaining availability as a top priority.
6
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
6
Assessment of Current Security Status
A risk analysis—a systemic investigation of the system, its environment, and what might go wrong—forms the basis for describing the current security state
Defines the limits of responsibility for security
Which assets are to be protected
Who is responsible for protecting them
Who is excluded from responsibility
Boundaries of responsibility
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
We look at risk analysis in more detail later in this chapter.
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Security Requirements
Security requirements are functional or performance demands placed on a system to ensure a desired level of security
Usually derived from organizational business needs, sometimes including compliance with mandates imposed from outside, such as government standards
Characteristics of good security requirements:
Correctness
Consistency
Completeness
Realism
Need
Verifiability
Traceability
8
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
8
Security Requirements
Correctness: Are the requirements understandable? Are they stated without error?
Consistency: Are there any conflicting or ambiguous requirements?
Completeness: Are all possible situations addressed by the requirements?
Realism: Is it possible to implement what the requirements mandate?
Need: Are the requirements unnecessarily restrictive?
Verifiability: Can tests be written to demonstrate conclusively and objectively that the requirements have been met? Can the system or its functionality be measured in some way that will assess the degree to which the requirements are met?
Traceability: Can each requirement be traced to the functions and data related to it so that changes in a requirement can lead to easy reevaluation?
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
9
Responsibility for Implementation
A section of the security plan will identify which people (roles) are responsible for implementing security requirements
Common roles:
Users of personal computers or other devices may be responsible for the security of their own machines. Alternatively, the security plan may designate one person or group to be coordinator of personal computer security.
Project leaders may be responsible for the security of data and computations.
Managers may be responsible for seeing that the people they supervise implement security measures.
Database administrators may be responsible for the access to and integrity of data in their databases.
Information officers may be responsible for overseeing the creation and use of data; these officers may also be responsible for retention and proper disposal of data.
Personnel staff members may be responsible for security involving employees, for example, screening potential employees for trustworthiness and arranging security training programs.
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Timetable and Plan Maintenance
As a security plan cannot be implemented instantly, the plan should include a timetable of how and when the elements in it will be performed
The plan should specify the order in which controls are to be implemented so that the most serious exposures are covered as soon as possible
The plan must be extensible, as new equipment will be acquired, new connectivity requested, and new threats identified
The plan must include procedures for change and growth
The plan must include a schedule for periodic review
11
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Inputs to the Security Plan
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
This is a conceptual model of how the previous slides fit together.
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Security Planning Team Members
Security planning touches every aspect of an organization and therefore requires participation well beyond the security group
Common security planning representation:
Computer hardware group
System administrators
Systems programmers
Applications programmers
Data entry personnel
Physical security personnel
Representative users
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Assuring Commitment to a Security Plan
A plan that has no organizational* commitment collects dust on a shelf
Three groups of people must contribute to making the plan a success:
The planning team must be sensitive to the needs of each group affected by the plan.
Those affected by the security recommendations must understand what the plan means for the way they will use the system and perform their business activities. In particular, they must see how what they do can affect other users and other systems.
Management must be committed to using and enforcing the security aspects of the system.
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Business Continuity Planning
A business continuity plan documents how a business will continue to function during or after a computer security incident
Addresses situations having two characteristics:
Catastrophic situations, in which all or a major part of a computing capability is suddenly unavailable
Long duration, in which the outage is expected to last for so long that business will suffer
15
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The next slide addresses the specific tasks involved in business continuity planning.
15
Continuity Planning Activities
Assess the business impact of a crisis
What are the essential assets?
What could disrupt use of these assets?
Develop a strategy to control impact
Investigate how the key assets can be safeguarded
Develop and implement a plan for the strategy
Define:
Who is in charge when an incident occurs
What to do when an incident occurs
Who does what tasks when an incident occurs
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From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Incident Response Plans
A security incident response plan tells the staff how to deal with a security incident
In contrast to a business continuity plan, the goal of incident response is handling the current security incident without direct regard for the business issues
An incident response plan should
Define what constitutes an incident
Identify who is responsible for taking charge of the situation
Describe the plan of action
17
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Incident Response Teams
The response team is charged with responding to the incident. It may include
Director : The person in charge of the incident, who decides what actions to take
Technicians: People who perform the technical part of the response
Advisors: Legal, human resources, or public relations staff members as appropriate
Matters to consider when identifying a response team:
Legal issues
Preserving evidence
Records
Public relations
18
From Security in Computing, Fifth Edition, by Charles P. Pfleeger, et al. (ISBN: 9780134085043). Copyright 2015 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
CSIRTs
Computer Security Incident Response Teams (CSIRT) are teams trained and authorized to handle security incidents
CSIRTs are closely related to Security Operations Centers (SOC), which perform day-to-day monitoring of a network and may be the first to detect an incident.
Responsibilities of a CSIRT include
Reporting: Receiving reports of suspected incidents and reporting as appropriate to senior management
Detection: Investigation to determine if an incident occurred
Triage: Immediate action to address urgent needs
Response: Coordination of effort to address all aspects in a manner appropriate to severity and time demands
Postmortem: Declaring the incident over and arranging to review the case to impr
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