08 Dec Consider the use of confidence intervals in health sciences
Consider the use of confidence intervals in health sciences with these articles as inspiration and insights.
Using the data, you collected for the Week 5 Lab (heights of 10 different people that you work with plus the 10 heights provided by your instructor), discuss your method of collection for the values that you are using in your study (systematic, convenience, cluster, stratified, simple random). What are some faults with this type of data collection? What other types of data collection could you have used, and how might this have affected your study?
Now use the to help you with calculations for the following questions/statements. to help you with calculations for the following questions/statements.
Give a point estimate (mean) for the average height of all people at the place where you work. Start by putting the 20 heights you are working with into the blue Data column of the spreadsheet. What is your point estimate, and what does this me
Find a 95% confidence interval for the true mean height of all the people at your place of work. What is the interval? [see screenshot below]
Give a practical interpretation of the interval you found in part b and explain carefully what the output means. (For example, you might say, "I am 95% confident that the true mean height of all of the people in my company is between 64 inches and 68 inches").
Post a screenshot of your work from the t value Confidence Interval for µ from the Confidence Interval tab on the Week 6 Excel spreadsheet
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To draw conclusions about a study population, researchers use samples that they assume truly represent the population. The confidence interval (CI) is among the most reliable indicators of the soundness of their assumption. A CI is the range of values within which the population value being studied is believed to fall. CIs are reported in the results section of published research and are often calculated either for mean or proportion data (calculation details are beyond the scope of this article). A 95% CI, which is the most common level used (others are 90% and 99%), means that if researchers were to sample numerous times from the same population and calculate a range of estimates for these samples, 95% of the intervals within the lower and upper limits of this range will include the population value.
To illustrate the 95% CI of a mean value, say that a sample of patients with hypertension has a mean blood pressure of 120 mmHg and that the 95% CI for this mean was calculated to range from 110 to 130 mmHg. This might be reported as: mean 120 mmHg, 95% CI 110-130 mmHg. It indicates that if other samples from the same population of patients were generated and intervals for the mean blood pressure of these samples were estimated, 95% of the intervals between the lower limit of 110 mmHg and the upper limit of 130 mmHg would include the true mean blood pressure of the population.
Notice that the width of the CI range is a very important indicator of how reliably the sample value represents the population in question. If the CI is narrow, as it is in our example of 110-130 mmHg, then the upper and lower limits of the CI will be very close to the mean value of
Confidence interval: The range of values, consistent with the data, that is believed to encompass the actual or “true” population value
Source: Lang, T.A., & Secic, M. (2006). How to Report Statistics in Medicine. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: American College of Physicians
the sample. This sample mean value is probably a more reliable estimate of the true mean value of the population than a sample mean value with a wider CI of, for example, 110-210 mmHg. With such a wide CI, the population mean could be as high as 210 mmHg, which is far from the sample mean of 120 mmHg. In fact, a very wide CI in a study should be a red flag: it indicates that more data should have been collected before any serious conclusions were drawn about the population. Remember, the narrower the CI, the more likely it is that the sample value represents the population value. n
MAHER M. EL-MASRI, RN, PhD, IS AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND RESEARCH LEADERSHIP CHAIR IN THE FACULTY OF NURSINg, UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, IN WINDSOR, ONT.
Confidence intervals: Part 1 TERMInoLogy 101
NurseONE resources on THIS TopIc EBSCO-MEDlInE full-text articles
• Hildebrandt, M., Vervölgyi, E., & Bender, R. (2009). Calculation of NNTs in RCTs with time-to-event outcomes: A literature review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9, 21.
• Hildebrandt, M., Bender, R., Gehrmann, U., & Blettner, M. (2006). Calculating confidence intervals for impact numbers. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 6, 32.
• Altman, D. G. (1998). Confidence intervals for the number needed to treat. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 317(7168), 1309-1312.
Myilibrary
• Campbell, M. J., Machin, D., & Walters, S. J. (2010). Medical statistics: A textbook for the health sciences (4th ed).
• Mateo, M. A., & Kirchhoff, K. T. (Eds.). (2009). Research for advanced practice nurses: From evidence to practice.
• Webb, C., & Roe, B. (Eds.). (2007). Reviewing research evidence for nursing practice: Systematic reviews.
8 CANADIAN-NURSE.COM
Copyright of Canadian Nurse is the property of Canadian Nurses Association and its content may not be copied
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J
LU
TERMINOLOGY 101
Confidence intervals: Part 2 MAHER M. EL-MASRI, RN, PhD, IS AN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR AND RESEARCH LEADERSHIP CHAIR
IN THE FACULTY OF NURSING, UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR, IN WINDSOR, ONT.
Confidence interval: The range of values, consistent with the data, that is believed to encompass the actual or
"true" population value
Source: Lang, T.A., & Secic, M. (2006). How to Report Statistics in Medicine. (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: American College of Physicians
Part 1, which appeared in the February 2012 issue, introduced the concept of confidence intervals (CIs) for mean values. This article explains how to compare the CIs of two mean scores to draw a conclusion about whether or not they are statistically different. Two mean scores are said to be statistically different if their respective CIs do not overlap. Overlap of the CIs suggests that the scores may represent the same "true" population value; in other words, the true difference in the mean scores may be equivalent
NurseONE resources ON THIS TOPIC
EBSCO-MEDLINE FULL-TEXT ARTICLES
• Hildebrandt, M., Vervölgyi, E., & Bender, R. (2009). Calculation of NNTs in RCTs with time-to-event outcomes: A literature review. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9,21.
• Hildebrandt, M., Bender, R., Gehrmann, U., & Blettner, M. (2006). Calculating confidence intervals for impact numbers. ß/MCMed/co/ Research Methodology, 6, 32.
• Altman, D. G. (1998). Confidence intervals forthe number needed to treat. BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.), 317(7168), 1309-1312.
MYÎLIBRARY
• Campbell, M. |., Machin, D., & Walters, S. I. (2010). Medical statistics: A textbook for the health sciences (4th ed).
• Mateo, M. A., & Kirchhoff, K. T. (Eds.). (2009). Research for advanced practice nurses: From evidence to practice.
• Webb, C, & Roe, B. (Eds.). (2007). Reviewing research evidence for nursing practice: Systematic reviews.
to zero. Some researchers choose to provide the CI for the difference of two mean scores instead of providing a separate CI for each of the mean scores. In that case, the difference in the mean scores is said to be statistically significant if its CI does not include zero (e.g., if the lower limit is 10 and the upper limit is 30). If the CI includes zero (e.g., if the lower limit is -10 and the upper limit is 30), we conclude that the observed difference is not statistically significant.
To illustrate this point, let's say that we want to compare the mean blood pressure (BP) of exercising and sedentary patients. The mean BP is 120 mmHg (95% CI 110-130 mmHg) for the exercising group and 140 mmHg (95% CI 120-160 mmHg) for the non-exercising group. We notice that the mean BP values of the two groups differ by 20 mmHg, and we want to determine whether this difference is statistically significant. Notice that the range of values between 120 and 130 mmHg falls within the CIs for both groups (i.e., the CIs overlap). Thus, we conclude that the 20 mmHg difference between the mean BP values is not statistically significant. Now, say that the mean BP is 120 mmHg (95% CI 110-130 mmHg) for the exercising group and 140 mmHg (95% CI 136-144 mmHg) for the sedentary group. In this case, the two CIs do not overlap: none of the values within the first CI fall within the range of values of the second CI. Thus, we conclude that the mean BP difference of 20 mmHg is statistically significant.
Remember, we can use either the CIs of two mean scores or the CI of their difference to draw conclusions about whether or not the observed difference between the scores is statistically significant. •
10 CANADL!N-NURSE.COM
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Lab 7 Template
1. Using the data you collected for the Week 5 Lab (heights of 10 different people that you work with plus the 10 heights provided by your instructor), discuss your method of collection for the values that you are using in your study (systematic, convenience, cluster, stratified, simple random). What are some faults with this type of data collection? What other types of data collection could you have used, and how might this have affected your study?
Use the Week 6 Spreadsheet to help you with calculations for the following questions/statements.
2. Give a point estimate (mean) for the average height of all people at the place where you work. Start by putting the 20 heights you are working with into the blue Data column of the spreadsheet. What is your point estimate, and what does this mean?
3. Find a 95% confidence interval for the true mean height of all the people at your place of work. What is the interval?
4. Give a practical interpretation of the interval and explain carefully what the output means. (For example, you might say, "I am 95% confident that the true mean height of all of the people in my company is between 64 inches and 68 inches").
5. Post a screenshot of your work from the t value Confidence Interval for µ from the Confidence Interval tab on the Week 6 Excel spreadsheet.
6. Now, change your confidence level to 99% for the same data, and post a screenshot of this table/interval, as well.
7. Compare the margins of error from the two screenshots. Would the margin of error be larger or smaller for the 99% CI? Explain your reasoning.
8. Save this template with your answers and include your name in the title.
9. Submit the document.
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