CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF KINESIOLOGY

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF KINESIOLOGY

KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens Presentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens Presentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

 Define kinesiology & explain its importance to the student of human motion.

 Describe major components of a kinesiology analysis.

 Describe a selected motor skill;  breaking it down into component phases.  identifying starting and ending points.

 Determine simultaneous-sequential nature of movement skills.

 Classify motor skills.  State the mechanical purpose of movement skills

 Define kinesiology & explain its importance to the student of human motion.

 Describe major components of a kinesiology analysis.

 Describe a selected motor skill;  breaking it down into component phases.  identifying starting and ending points.

 Determine simultaneous-sequential nature of movement skills.

 Classify motor skills.  State the mechanical purpose of movement skills

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KINESIOLOGYKINESIOLOGY

 The study of human movement from the point of view of the physical sciences.  Mechanics: Biomechanics  Anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy  Physiology: Neuromuscular physiology

 Every structure that participates in movements of the body does so according to physical and physiological principles.

 The study of human movement from the point of view of the physical sciences.  Mechanics: Biomechanics  Anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy  Physiology: Neuromuscular physiology

 Every structure that participates in movements of the body does so according to physical and physiological principles.

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SAFETY, EFFECTIVENESS & EFFICIENCY SAFETY, EFFECTIVENESS & EFFICIENCY

The underlying aim of kinesiology is:  Safety: structure movements to avoid doing

harm to the body.  Effectiveness: success or failure of meeting

goals of performance.  Efficiency: striving to achieve movement

goal with least amount of effort.

The underlying aim of kinesiology is:  Safety: structure movements to avoid doing

harm to the body.  Effectiveness: success or failure of meeting

goals of performance.  Efficiency: striving to achieve movement

goal with least amount of effort.

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METHODS OF STUDY CONTROLLED LABORATORY STUDIES METHODS OF STUDY CONTROLLED LABORATORY STUDIES

 Help students gain understanding of the nature & complexity of human motion.

 Primarily qualitative in beginning.  Advanced study include EMG, motion

capture, force transducers & computer analysis equipment.

 As technology advances, new abilities increase the depth of knowledge and understanding.

 Help students gain understanding of the nature & complexity of human motion.

 Primarily qualitative in beginning.  Advanced study include EMG, motion

capture, force transducers & computer analysis equipment.

 As technology advances, new abilities increase the depth of knowledge and understanding.

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METHODS OF STUDY ANALYSIS UNDER EVERYDAY CONDITIONS METHODS OF STUDY ANALYSIS UNDER EVERYDAY CONDITIONS

 Students learn how to apply a knowledge of kinesiology.

 Develop qualitative skills necessary for accurate observation, diagnosis, and treatment of faulty motor performance.

 Students learn how to apply a knowledge of kinesiology.

 Develop qualitative skills necessary for accurate observation, diagnosis, and treatment of faulty motor performance.

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COMPONENTS OF ANALYSISCOMPONENTS OF ANALYSIS

 Describing a skill in a logical fashion. Breaking it down into its elements. Determining which elements are critical to SEE

principle for performance.  Evaluating performance

 Identifying errors in performance.  Identifying the sources of error.

 Prescribing corrections based on appropriate identification of cause.

 Describing a skill in a logical fashion. Breaking it down into its elements. Determining which elements are critical to SEE

principle for performance.  Evaluating performance

 Identifying errors in performance.  Identifying the sources of error.

 Prescribing corrections based on appropriate identification of cause.

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KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1) KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1)

A. Description of the motor skill performance 1. Primary purpose of the skill

 Applicable references to speed, accuracy, form, etc.

A. Description of the motor skill performance 1. Primary purpose of the skill

 Applicable references to speed, accuracy, form, etc.

speed speed & accuracy

accuracy

form

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KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1) KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1)

A. Description of the motor skill performance 2. Movement phases

 break down motion into “phases”

A. Description of the motor skill performance 2. Movement phases

 break down motion into “phases”

Fig 1.2 preparation power follow through

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KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1) KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1)

A. Description of the motor skill performance 3. Classification of the skill

 Classification provides clues to the nature of anatomical & mechanical requirements of a group of skills.

A. Description of the motor skill performance 3. Classification of the skill

 Classification provides clues to the nature of anatomical & mechanical requirements of a group of skills.

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KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSISKINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

A. Description of the motor skill performance 4. Simultaneous-sequential nature of motion

 Simultaneous – segments move as one  Sequential – segments move in an orderly

sequence

A. Description of the motor skill performance 4. Simultaneous-sequential nature of motion

 Simultaneous – segments move as one  Sequential – segments move in an orderly

sequence

Fig 1.4

simultaneous sequential

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KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1) KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1)

B. Anatomical analysis 1. Joint actions & segment motions:

 Joints involved, and exact movements in the skill?  Any limited range of motion?  Refer to Table 1.2

2. Muscle participation & form of contraction:  Muscles producing joint actions?  Type of contraction?

B. Anatomical analysis 1. Joint actions & segment motions:

 Joints involved, and exact movements in the skill?  Any limited range of motion?  Refer to Table 1.2

2. Muscle participation & form of contraction:  Muscles producing joint actions?  Type of contraction?

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 Anatomical Analysis Model

Joint Joint Action

Segment Moved

Plane & Axis

Force Contraction Type

Prime Movers

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KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1) KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1)

B. Anatomical analysis 3. Neuromuscular considerations

 Which neuromuscular mechanisms are involved?  What is the nature of involvement?

B. Anatomical analysis 3. Neuromuscular considerations

 Which neuromuscular mechanisms are involved?  What is the nature of involvement?

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KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1) KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS (TABLE 1.1)

B. Anatomical analysis 4. Anatomical principles related to effective &

safe performance:  Which anatomical principles contribute to

efficiency & accuracy?  Which principles are related to avoidance of

injury?

B. Anatomical analysis 4. Anatomical principles related to effective &

safe performance:  Which anatomical principles contribute to

efficiency & accuracy?  Which principles are related to avoidance of

injury?

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KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSISKINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS C. Mechanical analysis

1. Underlying mechanics objective(s)  Balance: regain stability, attain mobility

 Jump stop, track start  Locomotion: travel

 Walking, running, skipping  Projection: height, range & accuracy

 Pole vault, long jump, throwing  Manipulation: objects or resistance

 Weightlifting, writing  Maximum effort: speed, power, & force

 Sprinting, power lift, blocking

C. Mechanical analysis 1. Underlying mechanics objective(s)

 Balance: regain stability, attain mobility  Jump stop, track start

 Locomotion: travel  Walking, running, skipping

 Projection: height, range & accuracy  Pole vault, long jump, throwing

 Manipulation: objects or resistance  Weightlifting, writing

 Maximum effort: speed, power, & force  Sprinting, power lift, blocking

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C.Mechanical Analysis 2. Nature of the forces causing or impeding motion.

 Internal forces  External forces  Modifying forces

3. Identify the critical elements. 4. Mechanical principles that apply

 Concerning safety.  Concerning effectiveness.  Concerning efficiency

CHAPTER 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM:

FRAMEWORK AND MOVEMENTS

KINESIOLOGY Scientific Basis of Human Motion, 12th edition

Hamilton, Weimar & Luttgens Presentation Created by

TK Koesterer, Ph.D., ATC Humboldt State University

Revised by Hamilton & Weimar

Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin

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MUSCULOSKELETAL FRAMEWORK

 An arrangement of bones, joints, and muscles.

 Acts as a lever system allowing for a great number of coordinated movements.

 An anatomical lever is a bone that engages in movement when force is applied to it.

 The force is from a muscle attached to the bone or an external force (gravity or weight).

 Muscles can produce motion only by shortening.

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THE BONES

 Skeleton: provides support, muscle attachment, & protection

 Axial: skull, spinal column, sternum, and ribs

 Appendicular: upper and lower extremities

Fig 2.1

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THE BONES: SKELETAL CHANGES

 Growth  Osteogenesis  Initial matrix  Osteoblasts form bone on matrix.  Bone forms in response to loading stress.

 Degeneration  Osteoclasts reabsorb bone in the absence of stress.  Bones become more porous and brittle; osteoporosis.

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THE BONES:

 Bone types Two types allow bone to

be strong, yet light. Compact: dense outer

bone Cancellous: open,

spongy looking inner bone

Fig. 2.2

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TYPES OF BONES

 Long: shaft or body with a medullary canal, and relatively broad, knobby ends  Femur, tibia, humerus, ulna, radius, etc.

 Short: relatively small, chunky, solid  Carpals and tarsals

 Flat: flat & plate like  Sternum, scapulae, ribs, pelvis

 Irregular: bones of spinal column  Vertebrae, sacrum, & coccyx

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MECHANICAL AXIS OF A BONE

 A straight line that connects the midpoint of the joint at one end of a bone with the midpoint of the joint at the other end.

 The axis may lie outside the shaft.

Fig 2.3

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SKELETAL CHANGES

 Epiphysis is a part of a bone separated from the main bone by a layer of cartilage.

 Epiphyseal cartilage is where growth occurs.  When this cartilage ossifies and closure is

complete, no more growth can occur.  Tables 2.1 & 2.2: ages of ossification  Need to be aware of epiphyseal injuries in children

& adolescents.

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ARTICULATIONS

 Structure and function of joints are so interrelated that it is difficult to discuss them separately.

 The configuration of the bones that form an articulation, together with the reinforcing ligaments, determine and limit the movements of the joint.

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STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION

 Based on presence or absence of a joint cavity: Diarthrosis or Synarthrosis

 Further classified either by shape or nature of the tissues that connect the bones.

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DIARTHROSIS: CHARACTERISTICS

 Articular cavity  Ligamentous

capsule  Synovial membrane  Surfaces are

smooth  Surfaces covered

with cartilage Fig 2.5

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DIARTHROSIS: CLASSIFICATION  Irregular joint: irregular surfaces, flat or slightly curved,

permits gliding movement.  Hinge joint: convex/concave surfaces, uniaxial, permits

flexion/extension.  Pivot joint: a peg-like pivot, permits rotation.  Condyloid joint: oval or egg-shape convex surface fits into a

reciprocal concave surface, biaxial, permits flexion/extension, ab & adduction, and circumduction.

 Saddle: modification of condyloid, both surfaces are convex and concave, biaxial, permits flexion/extension, ab & adduction, and circumduction.

 Ball-and-socket: head of one bone fits into the cup of the other bone.

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TYPE OF JOINTS

Plane Hinge Pivot Condyloid Intercarpal Elbow Atlantoaxial Radiocarpal

Condyloid Saddle Ball & Socket Ball & Socket MCP joint Thumb Shoulder Hip

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SYNARTHROSIS: CHARACTERISTICS

 No articular cavity, no capsule, synovial membrane or synovial fluid.

 In two types, bones are united by cartilage or fibrous tissue.

 Third type, not a true joint, but is a ligamentous connection between bones.

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SYNARTHROSIS: CLASSIFICATION

 Cartilaginous joint: united by fibrocartilage permits bending & twisting motions.

 Fibrous joint: edges of bone are united by a thin layer of fibrous tissue, no movement permitted.

 Ligamentous joints: two bodies are tied together by ligaments, permits limited movement of no specific type.

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JOINT STABILITY  Function of joints is to provide a means of moving or, rather, of being

moved.  Secondary functions is to provide stability without interfering with the

desired motions.  All joints do not have the same degree of stability.

 Emerson’s law: “For everything that is given, something is taken”.  Movement is gained at the expense of stability.

 Resistance to displacement  Factors responsible for stability

 Bony structure  Ligamentous arrangement  Muscle tension  Fascia  Atmospheric pressure

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SHAPE OF BONY STRUCTURE

 May refer to kind of joint: Hinge, condyloid, pivot, or ball-and-socket

 Or specific characteristics of a joint: Depth of socket

More stable, less mobile

More mobile, less stable

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LIGAMENTOUS ARRANGEMENTS

 Ligaments are strong, flexible, stress- resistant, somewhat elastic, fibrous tissues that form bands or cords.

 Join bone to bone.  Help maintain relationship of bones.  Check movement at normal limits of joint.  Resist movements for which joint is not

constructed.  Will stretch when subject to prolonged

stress.  Once stretched, their function is affected.

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MUSCULAR ARRANGEMENT

 Muscles that span joints aid in stability.

 Especially when bony structure contributes little to stability.

Fig 5.13

Muscles acting to stabilize the shoulder

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FASCIA AND SKIN

 Fascia consists of fibrous connective tissue.  May form thin membranes or tough, fibrous

sheets.  Intense or prolonged stress may cause

permanent stretch.  Iliotibial tract and thick skin covering the knee

joint are examples.

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ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

 Negative pressure in joint capsule forms a vacuum.

 The suction created is an important factor in resisting dislocation of a joint.

 Key in hip and shoulder joints.

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FACTORS AFFECTING THE RANGE OF MOTION (ROM)  Three factors that affect the stability of a joint are

also related to its ROM: 1. Shape of articular surfaces. 2. Restraining effect of ligaments. 3. Muscles and tendons (single most important

factor).  Flexibility should not exceed muscle’s ability to

maintain integrity of joint.  Additional factors include: injury or disease,

gender, body build, heredity, occupation, exercise, and age.

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METHODS OF ASSESSING A JOINT’S RANGE OF MOTION

 Measure degrees from starting position to its maximal movement.

 Goniometer: axis placed directly over center of joint, one arm held stationary, other arm held to moving segment.

Fig 2.7

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METHODS OF ASSESSING A JOINT’S RANGE OF MOTION

 Videotape: joint centers are marked to be visible in projected image.

 Joint angles can be taken from images.

 Segment action must occur in picture plane.

Fig 2.8 85°

91°

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AVERAGE RANGES OF JOINT MOTION

 Ranges vary and it is difficult to establish norms.

 Age, gender, body build, and level of activity may all be factors.

 Four sets of ranges are presented in table 2.4.

 Illustration of joint ROM for most fundamental movements are found in Appendix B.

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ORIENTATION OF THE BODY

Center of Gravity: imaginary point representing the weight center of an object

Line of Gravity: imaginary vertical line that passes through the center of gravity

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ORIENTATION OF THE BODY PLANES OF THE BODY

Fig 2.8

Sagittal Frontal Transverse

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ORIENTATION OF THE BODY AXES OF MOTION

 Bilateral: axis passes horizontally from side to side; perpendicular to sagittal plane.

 Anteroposterior or AP: axis passes horizontally from front to back; perpendicular to frontal plane.

 Vertical: axis is perpendicular to the ground and transverse plane.

 Rotation occurs in a plane and around an axis.  Axis of movement is always at right angles to the

plane in which it occurs.

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ORIENTATION OF THE BODY STANDARD STARTING POSITIONS

Fig 2.10

Fundamental Standing Position

Anatomical Standing Position

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FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS SAGITTAL PLANE ABOUT A BILATERAL AXIS Flexion: reduction in joint angle.  Examples:

 Tipping the head forward  Lifting the foot & leg backward from knee  Raising entire lower extremity forward-

upward as though kicking  Raising forearm straight forward  Elbow straight, raising entire upper extremity

forward-upward

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FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS SAGITTAL PLANE ABOUT A BILATERAL AXIS

Extension: return movement from flexion. Hyperflexion: arm is flexed beyond vertical. Hyperextension: continuation of extension

beyond starting position. Reduction of Hyperextension: return

movement from hyperextension.

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JOINT MOTIONS IN THE SAGITTAL PLANE AROUND A BILATERAL AXIS.

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FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS FRONTAL PLANE ABOUT AN AP AXIS

Abduction: movement away from the midline. Adduction: return movement from abduction. Lateral Flexion: lateral bending of head or trunk. Hyperabduction: arm abducted beyond vertical. Hyperadduction: move across in front of the body. Reduction of Hyperadduction: return movement. Reduction of Lateral Flexion: return movement.

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JOINT MOTIONS IN THE FRONTAL PLANE AROUND AN ANTERO- POSTERIOR AXIS.

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FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS TRANSVERSE PLANE ABOUT A VERTICAL AXIS (Point of reference for the upper extremities is the

midpoint of the fundamental (not anatomic) position.)

Rotation Left & Right: rotation of head, neck, or pelvis.

Lateral & Medial Rotation: rotation of thigh and upper arm.

Supination & Pronation: rotation of forearm along long axis.

Reduction of Lateral Rotation, Medial Rotation, Supination, or Pronation: rotation of segment back to mid-position.

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TORSO MOTION IN THE TRANSVERSE PLANE AROUND A VERTICAL AXIS.

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FUNDAMENTAL MOVEMENTS COMBINATION OF PLANES

Circumduction: whole segment describes a cone.  arm circling and trunk circling

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NAMING JOINT ACTION IN COMPLEX MOVEMENTS  All joint actions are named as if they were

occurring in anatomical position.  The plane and axis are identified as those

in which the movement actually occurs. Non-axial Movements Movements in plane joints are non-axial

gliding movements between articular facets of spinal column.

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ANALYZING JOINT MOTIONS

 Alignment: optimum alignment should be based on efficiency, effectiveness, and safety.

 Range of Motion: ROM demands of an activity must be compatible to avoid injury.

 Flexibility: reduces internal resistance to motion.

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