18 Feb State your hypothesis and briefly describe how the data was analyzed (see example). Present the descriptive statistics from your categorical and quantitative data in APA style tables.

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	Are you:	What is your racial identity?	What is your age group?	How many hours do you spend on social media every day?	What is the favorite social media platform you are using everyday?	How often do you post on social media?	How many hours do you spend learning everyday?	What type of pages have you liked on social media platforms?	Does social media contribute to learning? What kind of learning?	What is your parents opinion on you using social media? Do they know that you have social media accounts?	What do you students should do to balance their time between social media and learning time?
2023/02/09 1:18:09 下午 GMT-8	Female	White American	36-45	0-2 hours	Instagram	2-3 times week	More than 8 hours	Educational	Social media has news content but I wouldn't consider it to be educational or academic.	I'm 39 years old so I have never asked them about their opinion on social media.	Students should not have their phones with them during study periods.
2023/02/09 10:28:53 下午 GMT-8	Female	Asian	18-25	6 or more hours	TikTok	Other (Includes not posting on social media)	Less than 2 hours	Entertainment	Unsure	Indifferent	Unsure
2023/02/10 12:19:24 下午 GMT-8	Male	Asian	26-35	2-4 hours	Other	Other (Includes not posting on social media)	2-4 hours	Entertainment	Not really	They have no opinion and they do know	Make sure to focus on your main goal
2023/02/10 12:20:32 下午 GMT-8	Male	African American	36-45	0-2 hours	TikTok	Other (Includes not posting on social media)	Less than 2 hours	Entertainment	Not sure about it since I already graduated	I am an adult and they dont know	The kids need to spend more time on learning
2023/02/10 12:22:16 下午 GMT-8	Female	Hispanic	18-25	2-4 hours	TikTok	2-3 times week	2-4 hours	Entertainment	I think so, sometimes I can learn stuffs	They have no opinion bcz they use it too, they know I have accounts	Students must follow their schedule in order to success
2023/02/10 12:23:22 下午 GMT-8	Female	White American	26-35	0-2 hours	TikTok	Once in a week	2-4 hours	Informative	I learned how to cook dishes	They have no opinions Yes they do	Don't let the social media caused the grade
2023/02/10 12:28:28 下午 GMT-8	Male	White American	26-35	2-4 hours	Twitter	2-3 times week	Less than 2 hours	Entertainment	No	No ideas and they dont know	Study is more important, dont waste your time
2023/02/10 12:29:27 下午 GMT-8	Female	Asian	18-25	2-4 hours	TikTok	Other (Includes not posting on social media)	4-6 hours	Informative	Maybe	They dont mind and they know	Finish the work first then relax in social media
2023/02/10 12:30:14 下午 GMT-8	Female	African American	18-25	2-4 hours	TikTok	2-3 times week	2-4 hours	Entertainment	I dont think so	They dont care and they do	As long as it doesnt affect your work its fine
2023/02/10 2:19:56 下午 GMT-8	Female	Asian	18-25	2-4 hours	Instagram	Once in a week	4-6 hours	Entertainment	I don't see any relationship between these two factors	They wouldn't mind and they do know I have accounts	The learning time is the priority
2023/02/10 2:40:15 下午 GMT-8	Female	Asian	26-35	2-4 hours	TikTok	Other (Includes not posting on social media)	Less than 2 hours	Entertainment	I dont see connections	Yes they know and they are cool with it	The learning is more important because its your future
2023/02/10 2:42:05 下午 GMT-8	Male	Hispanic	18-25	0-2 hours	Not using social media platforms	Other (Includes not posting on social media)	4-6 hours	Other	I barely use social media so im not sure	I don't use social media	They need to manage their schedule and find a solution with the main goal
2023/02/10 2:43:24 下午 GMT-8	Male	African American	26-35	4-6 hours	TikTok	2-3 times week	Less than 2 hours	Informative	I learn body building from the TIkTOk and Im not sure if that counts	I am an adult they wouldnt mind, I dont know if they know or not	Students need to study more and spend less time on phone
2023/02/10 2:45:35 下午 GMT-8	Male	Asian	18-25	4-6 hours	Other	Other (Includes not posting on social media)	2-4 hours	Entertainment	The only thing it contributes is to release me from pressure of study	They are fine with it, they do	Finish the work first then relax on social media
2023/02/10 2:47:38 下午 GMT-8	Female	White American	45+	2-4 hours	Facebook	2-3 times week	Less than 2 hours	Informative	The only content I do with social media is to learn camping	I have my own family now, they have nothing to worry	For younger people they need to strive to survive in the future, so don't watch too much tiktok
2023/02/10 2:48:36 下午 GMT-8	Female	African American	26-35	4-6 hours	TikTok	4-5 times a week	Less than 2 hours	Entertainment	I don't think so	They don't have opinions, they do know	They should study more
2023/02/10 2:50:03 下午 GMT-8	Male	Hispanic	45+	6 or more hours	Twitter	Everyday	6-8 hours	Informative	It does, it can teach you what is happening	I am 55	Students' only job is to study, so don't make social media be an issue
2023/02/10 2:52:02 下午 GMT-8	Female	Asian	45+	2-4 hours	Other	Other (Includes not posting on social media)	Less than 2 hours	Other	It supposed to be work if the kids are happy to learn the things they like	I am a mom now and I know my kids have accounts, if they dont stick with phone all day I am okay	Teenagers should work harder on the school instead of posting things
2023/02/10 2:54:06 下午 GMT-8	Male	Hispanic	18-25	6 or more hours	Other	Other (Includes not posting on social media)	2-4 hours	Other	No it don't	They don't mind, Yes they do	Don't get too tired with the social media, spend your time wisely
2023/02/10 2:55:03 下午 GMT-8	Male	White American	26-35	2-4 hours	TikTok	Once in a week	6-8 hours	Entertainment	No it doesn't	My parents don't have opinions, they don't know	They should study harder for the future

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1

Title Here

First and Last Name Here

Department of XXX, College Here

Class number here (It is Psyc 005): Name of Class here (It is Research Methods in Psychology)

Instructor name here

Date

Results

Statistical Analysis

To test the hypothesis that levels of stress have increased since the Covid-19 pandemic began, the distribution of responses for each variable were evaluated. Descriptive statistics are summarized in tables 1 and 2. Statistical analyses were conducted using excel and Google Forms.

Table1

Descriptive Statistics

Variable	Range	Mean (SD)	Median	Mode
Age	22 (18-40)	26.45 (6.50)	24.5	30
Number of emotional symptoms	6 (2-8)	5 (1.92)	5.5	6
Number of cognitive symptoms	3 (3-6)	4.05 (1.91)	4	3

Table 2

Frequency Table

Variable	n	%
Sleep No change Somewhat less/more than usual A lot less/more than usual	7 9 4	35% 45% 20%
Appetite No change Somewhat less/more than usual A lot less/more than usual	8 8 4	40% 40% 20%
Subjective Stress Level No change Somewhat less/more than usual A lot less/more than usual	4 5 11	20% 25% 55%
Emotional Symptoms Anxiety or Fear Irritability or Anger Restlessness Sadness, Grief, or Depression Guilt Overwhelmed, Helpless, or Hopeless Isolated, Lost, or Lonely Apathy	16 12 7 11 6 12 10 4	80% 60% 35% 55% 30% 60% 50% 20%
Cognitive Symptoms Memory problems Difficulty concentrating Limited attention span Difficulty making decisions Slowness in thinking, analyzing, or comprehending Confusion	9 18 16 8 6 4	45% 90% 80% 40% 30% 20%
Stressors Working/taking classes from home Job responsibilities Unemployment Relationships Personal Health Health of Others Finances Societal/political events Other	16 12 4 8 3 6 8 14 0	80% 60% 20% 40% 15% 30% 40% 70% 0%
Concern about Stress Yes No	12 8	60% 40%

Sleep & Appetite Changes

To determine whether sleeping and eating patterns have changed in response to Covid-19, participants were asked to rate the extent to which their sleep and appetite has increased/decreased. 65% of participants reported a change in sleeping patterns with 45% sleeping somewhat more or less than usual and 20% sleeping a lot more or less than usual. Similarly, 40% reported no change in appetite, 40% reported a small increase or decrease in appetite, and 20% reported a big increase or decrease in appetite.

Emotional Symptoms

To determine whether participants have experienced an increase in emotional symptoms since Covid-19, participants were shown a list of symptoms and asked to select all that had started or increased since Covid-19. Both the number of symptoms and the types of symptoms were evaluated. The results show that on average participants have experienced a significant number of emotional symptoms since Covid-19 ( M = 5.00,  SD = 1.92). The majority of participants reported feelings of anxiety or fear (80%), irritability or anger (60%), sadness, grief, or depression (55%), and overwhelmed, helpless, or hopeless (60%).

Cognitive Symptoms

To determine whether participants have experienced an increase in cognitive symptoms of stress since Covid-19, participants were shown a list of symptoms and asked to select all that had started or increased since Covid-19. Both the number of symptoms and the types of symptoms were evaluated. The results show that on average participants have experienced a moderate number of cognitive symptoms since Covid-19 ( M = 4.05,  SD = 1.91). The majority of participants reported difficulty concentrating (90%) and a limited attention span (80%).

Subjective Stress Level

To determine whether people have experienced an increase in their subjective feeling of stress, participants were asked to rate the extent to which their stress level has increased on a scale of 0 to 2. The results suggest that most participants (80%) have experienced an increase in stress and 60% felt concerned about their stress level.

Stressors

To explore why participants have experienced a change in symptoms of stress since Covid-19 began, participants were shown a list of stressors and were asked to select those that they believed had contributed to their change in stress. The results suggest that working from home (60%), taking classes online (80%) and news/social media (90%) have been the primary contributors to stress.

Coping Techniques

Open-ended responses to the question “how do you typically respond to stress?” revealed a variety of healthy coping techniques including exercise, breathing exercises, meditation, journaling, talking to friends. A number of maladaptive emotion-focused coping techniques were also identified such as drinking, smoking, eating, and procrastination.

Summary

Taken together, these results suggest that levels of stress have increased significantly since the Covid-19 pandemic began. Specifically, these results suggest that participants have experienced a change in the amount of sleep they are getting, a moderate change in appetite, and a significant increase in emotional and cognitive symptoms. Working from home, taking classes online, and societal/political events appear to be the primary causes for these changes in stress level.

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Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPER

APA Project – Survey Research Plan

x

APA Project – Survey Research Plan

Topic:

Effects of social media use on learning

Population:

The research population will be students of age 18-30 from different disciplines. Age is an inclusion criterion because students of this age group are more likely to use social media. Students of the age group between 18-30 would be selected from different facilities, and the purpose of the research would be explained to them.

Conceptual Definitions:

Social media: social media is the use of electronic devices for entertainment purposes. Social media is in the form of multiple applications such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, etc.

Learning: learning is a process that leads to change, occurs as a result of experience, and improves performance and future learning.

Questions:

a. How many hours do you spend on social media every day?

b. What is the favorite social media platform you use using every day?

c. How often do you post on social media?

d. How many hours do you spend learning every day?

e. What type of pages have you liked on social media platforms?

f. Does social media contribute to learning? What kind of learning?

Variables:

a. Using social media or not

b. For what purpose is social media being used, either for learning or for entertainment?

c. Number of hours spent on learning and social media

Operational Definitions:

Variable 1: using social media or not

Using social media 'Yes' or 'No.'

Variable 2: the purpose of use of social media

Five-point scale from very good to poor.

Variable 3: number of hours spent on learning and social media

Hours per night

Hypothesis:

H1: Excessive use of social media negatively impacts learning.

H2: A balance between learning hours and social media use can improve learning.

H3: People who are using social media for learning purposes are more likely to be successful compared to those who use it for entertainment.