LIT1100 Introduction to Literature University of Northwestern – St. Paul

Archetypes for Twelfth Night

What is an Archetype? 1. Instinctive patterns in the collective unconscious of humankind. Figures or patterns that recur in works of art

from generation to generation. 2. Archetypes can come in the form of stories, characters and symbols. 3. These symbols must be shared by different cultures to be archetypes. They must be universal.

How is an archetype different than a symbol? A symbol is an object that stands for something else. This can be a letter, a character or a sign such as the American flag, a police badge or the Greek letter delta. While these specific symbols have meaning, their meaning is specific to a culture or a context. For example, the American flag will only have symbolic meaning in the time period that America exists. Another example is in Hawthorne’s short story “The Birthmark.” In that story, the birthmark is symbolic of man’s sin or corrupt nature. However, in real life or in another story or in another culture, a birthmark doesn’t contain that same symbolism. Thus, the birthmark is a symbol because its meaning is context-specific and not an archetype, which would have to be universally recognized as a symbol of man’s sin.

The Archetypal Comedy Plot Comedy is a relative term; every culture’s definition of what is funny varies a little. However, three elements of comedy are found in almost all culture’s comedic storylines:

1. The comedy revolves around a normal or common people 2. The comedy includes some form of mistaken identity 3. In a comedy, everyone gets married in the end (or everything ends happily)

Archetypal Characters Some character types are considered archetypes because all cultures have the same basic character. There are four recognized character archetypes for men and four archetypes for women. The following characteristics define each character archetype, however, a character doesn’t have to display all characteristics to fall into that category; all examples are taken from popular Disney movies:

MALE CHARACTERS FEMALE CHARACTERS

Hero: young, handsome, muscular, courageous, strong (sometimes super-strength), rebel or maverick Ex: Hercules, Aladdin, Peter Pan

Maiden/virgin: Young, beautiful, often helpless, innocent, is usually saved by the hero Ex.: Cinderella, Snow White, Sleeping Beauty

Wise Man: Older than hero, intelligent, spiritual and moral, sometimes has special powers Ex: Merlin, Genie, Gill (Finding Nemo)

Mother: Birth, life, fertility, warmth, protection and nourishment Ex: Grandmother Willow

Fool: Usually a physical defect, overweight, usually a sidekick, humorous and bumbling, occasionally speaks the truth no one else will Ex: Sebastian the crab, Dory, Terk (Tarzan)

Crone/witch: Old or ugly, mysterious, intelligent, plotting or conniving (not necessarily magical) Ex: Cruella de Ville, Wicked Stepmother

Devil: Usually offers a trade or exchange, manipulative and deceptive, often physically attractive and well-dressed Ex: Hades, Scar

Temptress: Older than maiden, younger than mother, beautiful, usually dark-haired, sexual, deceptive and underhanded Ex: Queen Grimhilde (Snow White), Ursula

LIT1100 Introduction to Literature University of Northwestern – St. Paul

Twelfth Night Characters Orsino, Duke of Illyria

The ruler of Illyria. Powerful and a gentleman, he is obsessed with gaining the hand in marriage of the fair Lady Olivia, unaware that he himself has a secret admirer.

Viola and disguised as a man, Cesario The secret admirer of Orsino, Viola comes to work for Orsino when having been shipwrecked, she disguises herself as a man and works for the Duke. Much favored by the Duke, Viola is entrusted to convey the Duke's love to Countess Olivia. This later causes problems for Viola, who serves her master faithfully, despite desiring Orsino for herself and being the unwitting (and unwilling!) target of Countess Olivia's affections. Viola has a brother, called Sebastian who is identical to her male appearance as Cesario; she fears that he died when their ship broke up at the beginning of the play. (Note: Cesario will be described in the third person as the man he appears to be to the other characters in this play, though Cesario is, of course, a woman in disguise).

A Sea Captain A friend to Viola, he helps her to disguise herself as Cesario. He initially reports Sebastian dead.

Lady Olivia A countess of high social standing and great beauty, her hand in marriage is desired by Orsino. She has resigned herself to seven years solitude following the loss of first her father and then her much loved brother. Spurning love in all its forms, she shuns Orsino's romantic overtures, but at the sight of Cesario, falls deeply in love, causing many problems for Cesario (really Viola). She later marries Sebastian, who looking exactly like Cesario, also steals Lady Olivia's heart.

Sebastian Viola's twin brother. When the ship he and Viola were traveling on sinks, he fears his sister dead, as her sister does of him. Frequently mistaken for Cesario, Sebastian eventually is reunited with his sister, earlier taking the hand the willing Countess Olivia as his wife.

Antonio A Sea Captain by trade, Antonio is a man with many enemies in the Duke Orsino's court. Nonetheless he accompanies Sebastian in his travels. Memorable for the expression, "That danger shall seem sport…." (Act II, Scene I).

LIT1100 Introduction to Literature University of Northwestern – St. Paul

Sir Toby Belch, Uncle to Olivia As Olivia's uncle, Sir Toby passes away his time drinking in Olivia's house with fellow drinker Sir Andrew Aguecheek, much to the displeasure of Olivia, her servant Maria and Olivia's uptight and humorless steward Malvolio. A great schemer of practical jokes, Sir Toby enjoys playing tricks on Malvolio, his friend Sir Andrew and anyone else who captures his fleeting attention.

Sir Andrew Aguecheek The drinking partner of Sir Toby, he too pushes Lady Olivia's patience and hospitality with his continuously loud and lewd behavior. Described by Sir Toby as being "as tall a man as any's in Illyria", Sir Andrew is not overly intelligent, Sir Andrew like Sir Toby having little love for the annoying Malvolio and is party to a practical joke against him. Sir Andrew however is greatly valued by Sir Toby since he is rich, earning some "three thousand ducats a year." Unwittingly, Sir Andrew is also the pawn in Sir Toby's plot making. Naive by nature, he is manipulated by Sir Toby into pursuing Lady Olivia since this will maintain Sir Toby's drinking lifestyle. Later Sir Andrew is manipulated into challenging Cesario, who becomes a threat to Sir Toby's plans.

Malvolio As Lady Olivia's steward, Malvolio sees himself in a somewhat grandiose light, imagining Olivia to love him and wishing to be more than his current rank. This and his continuous disapproval of Sir Toby and Sir Andrew's drinking, earn him their hatred and he quickly becomes their pawn in a complex romantic ruse.

Maria Lady Olivia's woman, she is patient and tactful where Malvolio is brash and insulting. She too, disapproves of Sir Toby and company's drinking but tries tactfully to subdue their boisterous spirits. Her dislike of Malvolio leads her to create an elaborate romantic trick on Malvolio, which she also uses to calm down Sir Toby and company, who are now enthusiastic conspirators in Malvolio's humiliation.

Feste Referred to in the text as "The Clown" and a servant to Olivia, Feste like so many of Shakespeare's fools, speaks the truth from the source of recognized foolishness. He is much appreciated by Sir Toby, who spends many hours with him.

Fabian A servant of Lady Olivia's, he too dislikes Malvolio, and also participates enthusiastically in Malvolio's downfall.

Valentine and Curio Gentlemen attending Orsino at the start of the play.

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