28 Mar Would you classify the following attacks as a criminal act or act of war? Discuss your answers in 3-4 well-written paragraphs. a. 1983 Beirut barracks bombing b. 1993 attac
Would you classify the following attacks as a criminal act or act of war? Discuss your answers in 3-4 well-written paragraphs.
a. 1983 Beirut barracks bombing
b. 1993 attack on the World Trade Center
c. 2000 attack on the USS Cole
Your initial post should be a minimum of 200-250 words.
Homeland SecurityHomeland Security
Safeguarding the U.S. from Domestic Catastrophic DestructionSafeguarding the U.S. from Domestic Catastrophic Destruction
by CW Productions Ltd.
Edited by Richard White, Ph.D., Tina Bynum, DM, and Stan Supinski, Ph.D.
Homeland Security
Safeguarding the U.S. from Domestic Catastrophic Destruction
By CW Productions Ltd.
Edited by:
Richard White, Ph.D., Tina Bynum, DM, and Stan Supinski, Ph.D.
Homeland SecurityHomeland Security
Safeguarding the U.S. from Domestic Catastrophic DestructionSafeguarding the U.S. from Domestic Catastrophic Destruction
by CW Productions Ltd.
Edited by Richard White, Ph.D., Tina Bynum, DM, and Stan Supinski, Ph.D.
Cover art: New York City Freedom Tower, Mandritoiu, courtesy of Shutterstock.com
Copyright © 2016 by CW Productions, Ltd.
Permission in writing must be obtained from the publisher before any part of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system.
All trademarks, service marks, registered trademarks, and registered service marks are the property of their respective owners and
are used herein for identification purposes only.
Previously published as The U.S. Department of Homeland Security: An Overview, by Richard White, Tina Markowski, and Kevin
Collins © 2010
Printed in the United States of America.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
ISBN 0-536-15295-0
2005420444
EH
Please visit our web site at www.cwpnow.com
CW Productions Ltd.
Colorado Springs, CO
A Homeland Security Education Company
ii
Preface
Welcome to the third edition of our textbook. As indicated by the new title, this edition is significantly different than
the previous two, and accordingly stocked with mostly new material. Whereas the first two editions described “what”
was being done in the name of homeland security, this one explains “why”. In keeping with our previous approach, we
do not ascribe ourselves as “authors” but “editors” because the bulk of material is drawn directly from government
documents, either primary sources or publicly available derivatives. Two of our foremost derivative sources were
reports published by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) and Government Accountability Office (GAO). They
have access to information, unclassified as it may be, well beyond the means of the general public. We would also like
to acknowledge the many public websites that were also instrumental in completing this text. And while we were only
“editors”, we think this book offers its own unique contributions to the field of homeland security. First, it delivers both
a comprehensive yet concise treatment of a very broad subject spanning numerous separate fields, from national
security to military operations to law enforcement to emergency management, to name only a few. Second, and most
importantly, it offers insight into the exact nature of homeland security. Because it was brought to the forefront of
national attention by an act of terrorism, homeland security has become confused with terrorism. While terrorism
certainly remains a concern to homeland security, it is not the root concern. As we try to make eminently clear in this
textbook, the homeland security concern predates 9/11, stemming back to the 1995 Tokyo Subway Attacks which saw
the first employment of a weapon of mass destruction by non-state actors. As our title suggests, the homeland
security concern is domestic catastrophic destruction. 9/11 demonstrated how it could be achieved by subverting
critical infrastructure. Hurricane Katrina demonstrated how it could be accomplished without malicious intent. While
we give due attention to the terrorist motive, we don’t give it the undue attention it has gained by becoming almost
synonymous with homeland security. In this regard, we hope to set the record straight and make it clear what
homeland security “is”, and what it “is not”. Homeland security is not terrorism, nor is it mass killings. While closely
related, homeland security, terrorism, and mass killings are distinctly separate. We hope to demonstrate that in this
book. More importantly, we hope to impart a clarity of understanding that will give you, the reader, a corresponding
advantage in your academic and professional pursuits supported by this knowledge.
iii
Richard White, Ph.D.
Rick White is an Assistant Research Professor at the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. His Ph.D. is in
Engineering Security. He has published works on critical infrastructure risk management. Rick’s interest in homeland
security stems back to 9/11 when he was teaching at the Air Force Academy and watched together with his cadets as
the hijacked aircraft crashed into the Twin Towers. A retired Air Force officer, Rick has developed and taught
homeland security courses for colleges, universities, and various government agencies over the years. Other textbooks
include Homeland Defense: An Overview (Pearson 2007), Introduction to Joint and Coalition Warfare (FastPlanet
2005), and United States Military Power (FastPlanet 2004).
Tina Bynum , DM
Tina Bynum is the University Program Director for the College of Security Studies at Colorado Technical University
where she develops and manages the curriculum for homeland security, criminal justice, and public administration
programs at the undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral levels. She is an editorial review board member for the Journal
for Homeland Security Education and is a member of the International Society for Preparedness, Resilience and
Security (INSPRS). A retired firefighter and emergency medical technician, Dr. Bynum also plays key roles in local
emergency planning and exercising under the Homeland Security Exercise and Evaluation Program (HSEEP) protocols
and teaches courses in criminal justice, emergency and fire management services, public administration, and homeland
security. While serving as the Associate Director for the University of Colorado's Trauma, Health and Hazards Center,
she developed a peer support program to build resilience and assist recovery from high-risk occupational traumatic
experiences that was implemented in local police and fire departments. This program has gone on to serve the needs
of military personnel returning from combat. Dr. Bynum also co-authored The United States Department of Homeland
Security, An Overview (2Ed, 2010).
Stan Supinski, Ph.D.
Stan Supinski is the Deputy Director of Partnership Programs and faculty member for the Naval Postgraduate School,
Center for Homeland Defense and Security. He has taught and directed Homeland security courses for a variety of
institutions, to include Long Island University, the University of Denver and the University of Massachusetts. He also
founded and formerly directed the Homeland Security/Defense Education Consortium on behalf of NORAD/US
Northern Command. Dr. Supinski is a retired US Air Force officer, having served as a professor of Russian at the US Air
Force Academy and as an intelligence officer in various locations worldwide.
About the Authors
iv
Contents
Part I: Hard Lessons Chapter 1: Turning Point ……………………………………………………………………. 3
Chapter 2: Lost Opportunities …………………………………………………………… 19
Chapter 3: We Have Some Planes ……………………………………………………. 33
Chapter 4: And They Saved Many …………………………………………………….. 47
Chapter 5: Not by Chance ………………………………………………………………… 71
Chapter 6: Surpassing Disproportion …………………………………………………. 89
Chapter 7: Failure of Imagination ………………………………………………………. 99
Chapter 8: Failure of Initiative ………………………………………………………….. 111
Part II: HS, DHS, & HS Enterprise Chapter 9: Homeland Security ………………………………………………………… 135
Chapter 10: DHS Formation ……………………………………………………………. 149
Chapter 11: DHS Evolution …………………………………………………………….. 163
Chapter 12: DHS Progress …………………………………………………………….. 187
Chapter 13: HS Enterprise ……………………………………………………………… 223
Part III: Mission Areas Chapter 14: Critical Infrastructure Protection ……………………………………… 239
Chapter 15: Counter WMD Strategy …………………………………………………. 251
Chapter 16: Cybersecurity ……………………………………………………………… 261
Chapter 17: Counterterrorism………………………………………………………….. 277
Chapter 18: Emergency Preparedness & Response …………………………… 293
Chapter 19: Aviation Security …………………………………………………………… 309
Chapter 20: Maritime Security ………………………………………………………….. 327
Chapter 21: Surface Transportation Security ……………………………………… 341
Chapter 22: Border Security …………………………………………………………….. 353
Chapter 23: Immigration Enforcement ……………………………………………….. 367
v
Contents
Part IV: Mission Components Chapter 24: National Protection & Programs Directorate ……………………… 383
Chapter 25: Science & Technology Directorate …………………………………… 397
Chapter 26: Domestic Nuclear Detection Office ………………………………….. 413
Chapter 27: Intelligence & Analysis …………………………………………………… 425
Chapter 28: Federal Emergency Management Agency ………………………… 439
Chapter 29: U.S. Coast Guard …………………………………………………………. 457
Chapter 30: Transportation Security Administration …………………………….. 473
Chapter 31: U.S. Customs & Border Protection …………………………………… 485
Chapter 32: U.S. Secret Service ………………………………………………………. 503
Chapter 33: U.S. Immigration & Customs Enforcement ………………………… 513
Chapter 34: U.S. Citizenship & Immigration Services …………………………… 529
Part V: Mission Partners Chapter 35: Congress …………………………………………………………………….. 543
Chapter 36: National Security Council ……………………………………………….. 555
Chapter 37: Intelligence Community …………………………………………………. 567
Chapter 38: Department of Defense ………………………………………………….. 583
Chapter 39: National Guard …………………………………………………………….. 595
Chapter 40: Federal Bureau of Investigation ………………………………………. 613
Chapter 41: State & Local Law Enforcement ………………………………………. 625
Chapter 42: First Responders ………………………………………………………….. 641
Appendices Appendix A: DHS Budgets ………………………………………………………………. 651
Appendix B: Glossary ……………………………………………………………………… 669
Appendix C: Index ………………………………………………………………………….. 681
Appendix D: Works Cited ………………………………………………………………… 695
vi
Contents
List of Tables 3-1: 9/11 Hijackers & Flights ……………………………………………………………… 34
3-2: 9/11 Timeline ……………………………………………………………………………. 45
8-1: Hurricane Katrina New Orleans Timeline …………………………………….. 119
10-1: Organizations Transferred to DHS ……………………………………………. 155
11-1: DHS Initial Operating Organization …………………………………………… 169
11-2: Mapping DHS Organization & Critical Mission Areas …………………… 170
11-3: Comparison of Strategy Objectives ………………………………………….. 177
11-4: QHSR Missions & Goals ………………………………………………………… 180
12-1: 2007 GAO Assessment of Border Security ………………………………… 190
12-2: 2007 GAO Assessment of Immigration Enforcement …………………… 191
12-3: 2007 GAO Assessment of Immigration Services ………………………… 192
12-4: 2007 GAO Assessment of Aviation Security ………………………………. 193
12-5: 2007 GAO Assessment of Surface Transportation Security………….. 194
12-6: 2007 GAO Assessment of Maritime Security ……………………………… 195
12-7: 2007 GAO Assessment of Emergency Preparedness& Response … 196
12-8: 2007 GAO Assessment of Critical Infrastructure Protection ………….. 197
12-9: 2007 GAO Assessment of Science and Technology …………………… 198
12-10: Comparison of 2011 & 2007 GAO Mission Area Assessments ……. 199
12-11: 2011 GAO Expectations for Aviation Security …………………………… 202
12-12: 2011 GAO Expectations for CBRN Threats ……………………………… 203
12-13: 2011 GAO Expectations for CIP of Physical Assets…………………… 204
12-14: 2011 GAO Expectations for Surface Transportation ………………….. 205
12-15: 2011 GAO Expectations for Border Security …………………………….. 207
12-16: 2011 GAO Expectations for Maritime Security ………………………….. 209
12-17: 2011 GAO Expectations for Immigration Enforcement ……………….. 211
12-18: 2011 GAO Expectations for Immigration Services …………………….. 213
12-19: 2011 GAO Expectations for CIP of Cyber Assets ……………………… 215
12-20: 2011 GAO Expectations for Emergency Preparedness & Response …….. 217
12-21: 2015 GAO Assessment of DHS Management Functions ………….. 2019
vii
Contents
List of Tables (continued) 14-1: CIP Directives, Strategies, & Plans …………………………………………… 242
14-2: Infrastructure Sectors and Lead/Sector-Specific Agencies ……………. 243
15-1: CWMD Guidance Documents ………………………………………………….. 253
16-1: U.S. Tier 1 ISPs …………………………………………………………………….. 266
16-2: DHS National Cyber Risk Alert Levels……………………………………….. 272
19-1: Transportation Subsectors ………………………………………………………. 310
19-2: Cyber Attack Vectors ……………………………………………………………… 322
19-3: Potential Types of Aircraft Cyber Attacks …………………………………… 323
20-1: Transportation Subsectors ………………………………………………………. 328
21-1: Transportation Subsectors ………………………………………………………. 342
24-1: Critical Infrastructure Sectors …………………………………………………… 386
25-1: DHS Laboratories ………………………………………………………………….. 403
25-2: DOE Laboratories ………………………………………………………………….. 403
25-3: DHs Centers of Excellence ……………………………………………………… 404
38-1: Organization of U.S. Military Forces ………………………………………….. 584
38-2: National Guard Direction, Payment, & Authorities ……………………….. 585
38-3: U.S. Combatant Commands ……………………………………………………. 585
viii
Contents
List of Figures 5-1: Pentagon Crash Sites………………………………………………………………… 75
5-2: AFCD Incident Command on 9/11 ……………………………………………….. 79
8-1: Track of Hurricane Katrina ………………………………………………………… 115
10-1: DHS Organization …………………………………………………………………. 159
11-1: 2003 DHS Organization ………………………………………………………….. 171
11-2: 2008 DHS Organization ………………………………………………………….. 179
11-3: 2015 DHS Organization ………………………………………………………….. 181
12-1: Selected Factors Influencing DHS Mission and Performance
Ten Years Following 9/11 ……………………………………………………….. 200
14-1: 2013 NIPP Risk Management Framework …………………………………. 244
14-2: PSA Security Survey Example “Dashboard” Results …………………… 246
15-1: DoD Geographic Combatant Commands ………………………………….. 254
16-1: Schematic Representation of a Portion of the Internet …………………. 265
16-2: Internet ISP Tiers ………………………………………………………………….. 266
16-3: IXP Role in Today’s Internet ……………………………………………………. 267
16-4: AVOIDIT Cyber Attack Taxonomy ……………………………………………. 269
20-1: USCG Security In-Depth ………………………………………………………… 335
22-1: Total Estimated Illegal Border Inflows, FY2000-FY2012 ………………. 364
23-1: Annual Immigration Admissions 1900-2010 ……………………………….. 369
23-2: Immigrant Countries of Origin 1900-2010 ………………………………….. 370
23-3: Foreign-Born Residents by Region of Origin 1960-2010 ………………. 371
23-4: Nonimmigrant Visas Issued by U.S. Department of State 1987-2013 ……… 372
23-5: Nonimmigrant Admissions at U.S. Ports of Entry 2003-2013 ………… 373
23-6: Inadmissible Aliens at Ports of Entry 2005-2013 …………………………. 374
23-7: Alien Formal Removals and Voluntary Returns 1990-2013 ………….. 376
23-8: Estimated Number of Unauthorized Resident Aliens …………………… 377
24-1: NPPD Organization Chart ………………………………………………………. 385
24-2: NIPP Risk Management Framework …………………………………………. 386
25-1: DHS S&T Organization …………………………………………………………… 399
ix
Contents
List of Figures (continued) 25-2: DHS S&T Annual Funding ……………………………………………………….. 406
26-1: DNDO Organization ……………………………………………………………….. 415
26-2: Layers of the Nuclear Detection Architecture ……………………………… 419
27-1: DHS Office of Intelligence & Analysis Organization Chart …………….. 428
28-1: FEMA Leadership Organization Chart ……………………………………….. 444
28-2: FEMA Regions ………………………………………………………………………. 445
29-1: United States Coast Guard Organization Chart …………………………… 466
29-2: United States Coast Guard Districts ………………………………………….. 467
30-1: TSA Organization Chart 2010 ………………………………………………….. 477
31-1: CBP Organization Chart ………………………………………………………….. 488
31-2: The U.S. Import Process …………………………………………………………. 496
32-1: U.S. Secret Service Organization Chart …………………………………….. 505
33-1: ICE Organization Chart …………………………………………………………… 515
33-2: ICE Removal Statistics ……………………………………………………………. 524
34-1: USCIS Organization Chart ………………………………………………………. 532
36-1: National Security Council Organization ……………………………………… 560
37-1: The U.S. Intelligence Community ……………………………………………… 576
38-1: Geographic Combatant Commands’ Areas of Responsibility ………… 586
38-2: Dual-Status Commander Chain of Command …………………………….. 590
39-1: Reserve Component Mobilization Authorities ……………………………… 598
40-1: Balancing Civil Liberties ………………………………………………………….. 621
42-1; Emergency Preparedness Cycle ………………………………………………. 646
x
Contents
List of Figures (continued) A-1: FY03 DHS Budget Allocation ……………………………………………………. 653
A-2: FY04 DHS Budget Allocation ……………………………………………………. 654
A-3: FY05 DHS Budget Allocation ……………………………………………………. 655
A-4: FY06 DHS Budget Allocation ……………………………………………………. 656
A-5: FY07 DHS Budget Allocation ……………………………………………………. 657
A-6: FY08 DHS Budget Allocation ……………………………………………………. 658
A-7: FY09 DHS Budget Allocation ……………………………………………………. 659
A-8: FY10 DHS Budget Allocation ……………………………………………………. 660
A-9: FY11 DHS Budget Allocation ……………………………………………………. 661
A-10: FY12 DHS Budget Allocation ………………………………………………….. 662
A-11: FY13 DHS Budget Allocation ………………………………………………….. 663
A-12: FY14 DHS Budget Allocation ………………………………………………….. 664
A-13: FY15 DHS Budget Allocation ………………………………………………….. 665
A-14: FY16 DHS Budget Allocation ………………………………………………….. 666
xi
Part I:
Hard Lessons
This section explores the events that created and shaped U.S. homeland security policy. It begins shortly after the end
of the Cold War in 1991. After a four-decade standoff between the United States and Soviet Union, there was a global
sense of relief and great expectation that the world would become a much safer place after the threat of imminent
nuclear war had subsided. Those illusions were shattered in March 1995 after a religious cult attempted to murder
thousands of Japanese commuters aboard the Tokyo subway system using Sarin nerve gas. It was the first time a non-
state actor employed a weapon of mass destruction, marking a watershed moment in history when small groups
attained the destructive power of nations. The implication was not lost on Congress which, spurred by the Oklahoma
City bombing a few months later, chartered a number of commissions to investigate the prospects of WMD attack on
U.S. soil. Because the Tokyo subway attacks sought to topple the Japanese government, they were, by definition, acts
of terrorism. The congressional committees subsequently blurred the distinction between act and motive, labeling a
WMD attack by non-state actors as “terrorism”. The committees also introduced the term “homeland security” to
describe various organizational proposals to prevent and respond to WMD attack. In February 2001, the Hart-Rudman
Commission recommended creation of a National Homeland Security Agenc
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