01 Apr Identify five people or events that are important to American history. ?Your completed assignment will, therefore, include a total of 20 people or events. Provide a picture to illu
identify five people or events that are important to American history. Your completed assignment will, therefore, include a total of 20 people or events. Provide a picture to illustrate each person or event that you are identifying. Provide the sources that you used in completing this assignment.
• Part #1: Read Chapter 26: Identify 5 items (people, events, or a mixture of both) by answering the questions posed above (“Writing about events” or “Writing about people”).
• Part #2: Read Chapter 27: Identify 5 items (people, events, or a mixture of both) by answering the questions posed above (“Writing about events” or “Writing about people”).
• Part #3: Read Chapter 28: Identify 5 items (people, events, or a mixture of both) by answering the questions posed above (“Writing about events” or “Writing about people”).
• Part #4: Read Chapter 29: Identify 5 items (people, events, or a mixture of both) by answering the questions posed above (“Writing about events” or “Writing about people”).
Writing about events/things:
What happened?
Who did it?
When did it occur?
What was it like?
What does it mean relative to the history of the United States?
Why did you identify this event?
Writing about people:
Who was it (What is the person’s background)?
When did she or he live?
What did the person do?
What are the person’s important acts, ideas, and relationships with other figures?
What are the person’s contributions to her or his times relative to the history of the United States?
Why did you identify this person?
Please document all of the sources you used in completing the weekly Historical Knowledge assignments, including the textbook.
Documentation is to be according to the Chicago Manual of Style, footing format.
Chapter 29: The Price of Power, Part Two
Introduction to American History Combined
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Learning Objectives
Evaluate Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society programs and their impact on the American economy.
Discuss the reasons for the war in Vietnam, including a discussion of the situation in Vietnam immediately following WWII and in the 1950s. Why did Eisenhower oppose U.S. military assistance to France in the 1950s?
Explain the incident in the Gulf of Tonkin, the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, and its implications for Lyndon Johnson’s policies in Vietnam.
Explain the Tet Offensive and its importance for American politics at home and the Presidency of Lyndon Johnson.
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Learning Objectives (Continued)
Discuss the Paris Agreement that ended the Vietnam War for the United States. Why did Le Duc Tho reject his Nobel Prize?
Evaluate the Nixon administration’s domestic agenda.
Understand the meaning and significance of the Watergate affair. Discuss the improprieties of the President and persons in his administration that ultimately led to the President’s resignation.
Describe the accomplishments and failures of the Ford administration.
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Learning Objectives (Continued)
Discuss the platform of Jimmy Carter in 1976 and the factors that contributed to Carter’s electoral victory.
Evaluate the presidency of Jimmy Carter.
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29.1a “The Great Society”
Johnson called for a “War on Poverty.”
He believed that most of the nation’s poverty resulted from lack of education.
President Johnson’s program was the “Great Society,” which was concerned with eliminating poverty.
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29.1b President in His Own Right
Barry Goldwater was the Republican candidate in 1964.
Johnson was the Democratic nominee, with Hubert Humphrey as his running mate.
The strategy of Goldwater and the Republicans came to be known as the “Southern strategy”—exploiting the racist sentiments of white Southerners.
Johnson won in a landslide.
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29.1c Constructing the Great Society
Johnson got legislation through Congress quickly.
This legislation included bills to alleviate rural poverty and develop depressed urban areas.
Other legislation included the creation of Medicare.
Immigration laws were revised.
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29.1d The Education President
The National Defense Education Act of 1964 offered federal support for the teaching of humanities, as well as sciences, in college.
The Elementary and Secondary Education Act provided over $1 billion in aid to schools.
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29.1e “Let Us Continue”
The Great Society was hampered by the war in Vietnam.
The war negatively affected Johnson’s approval ratings.
Johnson’s legacy undone by the tragedy of the war.
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29.2 Johnson and Vietnam
Containment ideology led to the United States involvement in Vietnam.
Truman ignored Vietnamese pleas for independence so as to co-opt French help in the Cold War.
Viet Minh revolted against French rule with Soviet aid led by Ho Chi Minh.
The French were defeated at Dienbienphu in 1954 when Eisenhower would not intervene.
Vietnam was divided into communist north and capitalist south.
The US installed French speaking, Catholic Ngo Dinh Diem as leader of South Vietnam.
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29.2a Gulf of Tonkin
In 1964, two American ships were allegedly attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin.
Congress responded with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution: Johnson’s “Blank Check” in Vietnam.
President Johnson could use force to prevent further attacks against Americans in Vietnam.
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29.2b Rolling Thunder
Operation Rolling Thunder was Johnson’s unsuccessful bombing campaign of rebel supply lines in South Vietnam.
April 1965: Operation Rolling Thunder began after attacks against advisor bases.
Even though Johnson was told that Rolling Thunder was ineffective, he continued the bombing campaign anyway.
Summer 1965: Escalation of forces began.
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29.2c Escalation
Johnson increased the number of Americans in Vietnam.
General William Westmoreland requested more troops.
As a result, the war was largely being fought by Americans.
The goal was not so much to win, but to prevent Communists from taking over South Vietnam—which meant that the US had to maintain a military presence as long as the enemy was willing to fight.
The “Phoenix Program” involved summary executions of suspected Viet Cong.
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29.2d Monkeying with the Numbers
Military analysts estimated that troop strength needed to be three times that of the enemy in order to win.
CIA Intelligence Officer Sam Adams found that the US had grossly under counted the Viet Cong, with the implication that the US did not have enough troops in South Vietnam to win the war.
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29.2e Growing Discontent at Home
Americans were divided over Johnson’s escalation of the war.
While most Americans supported containment, they doubted that a long war in Vietnam was worth the loss of lives.
Economic cost of the war also turned many Americans against US involvement in Vietnam.
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29.2f The Tet Offensive
In January of 1968, Communists launched the Tet Offensive.
Communists briefly took control of US embassy in Saigon.
Much of the violence and fighting was seen on American news programs.
The Tet Offensive was a military disaster for the Communists, but it had the effect of convincing Americans that they were losing the war.
Both Martin Luther King and Robert Kennedy were assassinated in 1968.
Antiwar protests spread throughout the country.
My Lai massacre (which would be revealed in 1970) turned many Americans against the war.
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29.3a The Election of 1968
One of the most contentious elections in US history
Robert Kennedy’s death led to Hubert Humphrey’s nomination.
George Wallace ran as segregationist Third Party candidate.
Nixon promised law and order and the end of war in Vietnam.
Nixon won the election of 1968 by narrow margin.
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29.3b Men on the Moon
In July 1969, two American astronauts landed on the moon.
Neil Armstrong took mankind’s first steps on the moon.
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29.3c Nixon and the War
Nixon knew the public would not stand for another escalation of the war.
Nixon increased bombing in North Vietnam.
In 1969. Nixon called for Vietnamization and the withdrawal of American troops.
Peace negotiations were held in Paris.
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29.3d Diplomatic Breakthroughs
Nixon visited China in 1972.
Nixon’s visit to China did not translate to immediate friendship, but it did usher in a new era of US-Chinese relations.
China wanted a counterweight to the Soviet Union.
On Christmas 1972, Nixon ordered increased bombing of North Vietnam.
Christmas bombings brought a cease-fire.
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29.3e Paris Agreement
North Vietnam was allowed to keep troops in the South.
The US agreed to a complete withdrawal.
Henry Kissinger and Le Duc Tho won the Nobel Peace Prize for their work in negotiating the cease-fire.
Vietnam finally united under Communist rule.
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29.3f A Costly War
The Vietnam War was the longest in American history, and 58,000 Americans died.
The US spent $141 billion spent on behalf of South Vietnam.
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29.3g Nixon in Domestic Affairs
Nixon embraced Keynesian economics and the Democratic belief that government has a responsibility to regulate the economy.
A revenue sharing bill was passed in 1972.
Amtrak was created.
Federal financial aid to students and to universities was greatly expanded.
School busing for purposes of racial balance was ordered.
Allan Bakke sued the University of California for denying him admission in favor of an ethnic minority even though Bakke had better test scores.
Affirmative action policies became more common.
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29.3h The Avalanche of 1972
George McGovern proved to be a viable candidate for the Democrats.
George Wallace also ran, but withdrew after an assassination attempt that left him paralyzed.
The Election of 1972 was one of the biggest landslides in US history and proved that Nixon did not need to end the war to win the election.
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29.4 The Departure of Richard Nixon
One of Nixon’s objectives was to strengthen the authority of the presidency.
The size of the White House staff was increased to circumvent the power of Congress.
These changes unraveled in the wake of the Watergate revelations.
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29.4a Watergate
On June 17, 1972, five men were arrested in the Democratic Party Headquarters, Watergate Hotel.
The Committee for Re-Election of the President (Nixon) hired them to break-in, led by G. Gordon Liddy.
“The Plumbers” were organized by Nixon to stop leaks in the executive branch.
Plumbers planned to discredit Daniel Ellsberg, who had leaked the Pentagon Papers to the press.
Nixon’s cover-up of the Watergate burglary began to unravel due to the reporting of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein.
John Dean, a White House aide, began negotiating with prosecutors for immunity.
Investigations revealed the existence of tapes recorded in the Oval Office.
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29.4a Watergate (Continued)
President Nixon maintained he had no prior knowledge of break-in or cover up.
Tape recordings revealed that he was aware and that he did obstruct the investigation.
Richard Nixon resigned on August 17, 1974.
Thus Nixon avoided almost certain impeachment.
The Supreme Court issued that Nixon had to turn over, to the Special Prosecutor, those tapes that involved discussion of possible criminal activity.
Also, the House Judiciary Committee had passed two Articles of Impeachment.
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29.4b An Abortive Administration
Nixon attempted to govern in 1973 and 1974 as if Watergate were not a serious issue.
Issues, such as inflation, were sidelined by the Watergate scandal.
The Nixon administration was criticized for not acting decisively on the economy or the energy crisis.
29.4c The Elections of 1974
Ford was criticized for pardoning Nixon.
Democrats won seats in the 1974 midterm elections as a result of Nixon’s unpopularity.
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29.5a The New President
Gerald Ford filled in honorably for the resigned president.
His pardon of Nixon brought a tidal wave of criticism, however.
President Ford defended his decision in a rare presidential appearance before Congress.
Ford nominated Nelson Rockefeller for vice president.
After completing a full investigation of Rockefeller’s finances, Congress approved his appointment.
1975: Congress passed the biggest tax cut in US history.
Unemployment went down from 9 percent to 8 percent.
Inflation went from 12 percent to 6 percent.
Ford vetoed a jobs’ bill.
He removed most of Nixon’s cabinet, but kept Henry Kissinger.
Ford pressed détente with China and the Soviet Union.
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29.5b A Changing World Scene
Ford also traveled to China and met with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev.
Ford oversaw a five-year agreement with Soviet Union regarding the sale of American grain to Russia.
No large-scale war involving the US was being fought anywhere.
The Cold War had thawed to a degree.
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29.6a The Arrival of Jimmy Carter
Jimmy Carter, former governor of Georgia and graduate of the US Naval Academy, narrowly won the presidential election (with Walter Mondale as his vice president) over Ford.
As part of his new administration, President Carter spoke out on human rights in his foreign policy and made it into a key issue.
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29.6b A New Administration
Carter wanted to show that his administration would be different.
He appointed women and minorities.
He walked to his inauguration.
He spoke out on behalf of human rights.
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29.6c Restoring Government to the People
During the campaign, Carter promised to bring the government back to the people.
President Carter promised to balance the budget.
He called for “war” on energy shortage.
Democrats became more conservative in their social outlook.
Annual inflation rate rose above 10 percent.
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29.6d Carter’s Retrenchment
Carter entered office with the image of an activist.
By his second year, Carter stated that “Government cannot solve our problems.”
He called for tax reform in his budget message.
He also wanted a “moral equivalent of war” on the energy problem.
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29.6e A Promising Start in Foreign Affairs
Carter was initially respected among foreign leaders and visited numerous countries in December 1977.
First Lady, Rosalyn Carter, also took an active role.
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29.6f The Canal Treaty
One of Carter’s most significant gains was a new treaty with Panama regarding the Panama Canal.
The treaty would turn the canal over to Panama in 2000.
It was ratified by two-thirds of the US senators.
Middle East Accord
Camp David Accords became a framework for peace between two bitter enemies.
It ended the state of war between Egypt and Israel.
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29.6h The Election of 1978
As with most midterm elections, the incumbent party lost seats.
Republicans gained three Senate seats and twelve Representatives.
Every social group was represented in the Democratic Party.
Voters made little connection between votes for Congress and votes for president.
Introduction to American History Combined
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29.6i A Political Paradox
Although most Americans appeared to support the Democrats, they voted more often for Republican presidential candidates.
There appeared to be a two-tier system developing, comprised of the presidential and legislative levels.
Southerners were increasingly supporting Republicans.
There was also an increase in the number of independent voters.
Alienation from politics increased.
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29.6j Lowering Expectations
American society beset with numerous problems.
Lines for gasoline lines increased by 1979.
Carter urged the energy crisis be used to unify Americans.
He called for reduction in consumption, but he asked for few sacrifices.
American Embassy in Iran was seized with more than 50 held hostages.
Soviets invaded Afghanistan shortly after in Dec. 1979.
Inflation was close to 20 percent.
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29.6k The Election of 1980
Voters were unhappy with the options.
Carter versus Ronald Reagan versus John Anderson
They opposed ERA and abortion rights.
They favored higher defense spending and a tax cut.
Voter turnout declined again
Since leaving the presidency, Carter has become a dedicated and popular force for peace.
Introduction to American History Combined
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Chapter 28: The Culture of the Postwar Era
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Introduction to American History Combined
Ninth Edition, by Farmer © 2019
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Learning Objectives
Discuss the rise of a consumer society after World War II.
Describe the “corporate economy.”
Explain the impact of the Baby Boom on the economy and society.
Explain the “dark side” of American society in the 1950s.
Explain the shift in the economy from manufacturing to the white-collar service-sector economy.
Discuss technological advancements in electronics, chemistry, and agriculture and their impact on economics and society.
Introduction to American History Combined
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Learning Objectives (Continued)
Discuss the rise of a new racial and ethnic consciousness.
Describe the impact of the Brown decision on American society including southern resistance to the court’s ruling.
Discuss the new Civil Rights Movement.
Discuss the new youth culture including the rise of the Beat Generation.
Introduction to American History Combined
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28.1a The Prosperous American
Ordinary citizens were much more prosperous.
The “Average American” was female, white, and married.
Recreation centered on television.
Popularity of spectator sports, such as the NFL, increased.
The automobile culture and tourism increased.
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28.1b An Affluent Society
Productivity and prosperity were the dominant social facts in America.
High productivity and economic growth included rising wages and low unemployment.
Prosperity owed much to the GI Bill, which provided a college education and home loans to veterans.
Huge population growth—the Baby Boom—also contributed to economic growth.
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