09 May Let’s discuss a psychological test or measurement that you find particularly interesting (maybe one you could use in a future dissertation). Briefly describe the test/mea
Let's discuss a psychological test or measurement that you find particularly interesting (maybe one you could use in a future dissertation).
Briefly describe the test/measurement for us:
What is the name of the test (cite and reference authors)?
What does it measure?
How does it measure the construct (scale properties)?
Who is the target population for test?
What are the qualifications required to administer and interpret this test?
Please provide a copy of the test or measurement. Attach using the plus button.
Psychological Tests and Measurements
Keiser Graduate School Doctoral Residency July 24-27, 2013
Keiser Graduate School Doctoral Program
Topics
Psychological Tests and Measurements
Critical issues affecting psychological testing
Categories of psychological tests
Survey instruments
Critical Issues – Validity
1. Validity
Construct validity: Does the instrument measure what it claims to be measuring?
Content validity: Does the instrument measure the complete scope of the construct?
Validity
Validity (continued)
Criterion-related validity: Does the instrument measure accurately? Determined by testing against another measure or itself over time.
Concurrent validity: Does the instrument measure comparably to an exiting measure of the same construct?
Predictive validity: How well does the instrument predict future performance or construct?
Critical Issues – Reliability
2. Reliability
Inter-rater (inter-observer) reliability: Establishes an estimate of consistency between raters/observers
Internal consistency: Assesses consistency between items within a test (Inter-item reliability)
Test-retest reliability: Demonstrates consistency across time
Parallel forms reliability: Assesses consistency between two versions of a test
Norm-Referenced Tests
Raw Scores
Standard Normal Deviation
Z-scores
T-scores
Percentile Ranks
Raw Scores
Standard Normal Distribution
Adapted from “Elements of Statistics and Probability,” by L. Green (2008). Mathematics Department, Lake Tahoe Community College, South Lake Tahoe, CA. Retrieved from http://www.ltcconline.net/greenl/courses/201/probdist/zScore.htm
Z-Scores
T Score
T-scores are standardized scores with a mean of 50 and a standardized deviation of 10.
Z-scores can be converted to T-scores:
T = 50 + 10(z)
Percentile Ranks
Percentile Ranks: Assess the percentage of scores that fall below a given test score. The median of raw scores is 50%. Half the scores fall below the median, and half are above the median.
All together now…
Adapted from “Elements of Statistics and Probability,” by L. Green (2008). Mathematics Department, Lake Tahoe Community College, South Lake Tahoe, CA. Retrieved from http://www.ltcconline.net/greenl/courses/201/probdist/zScore.htm
Qualifications of Assessment Administrators
“Psychologists do not promote the use of psychological assessment techniques by unqualified persons, except when such use is conducted for training purposes with appropriate supervision” (American Psychological Association, 2010, section 9.07)
Categories of Ψ Assessments
Neuropsychological Testing
Purpose: To assess whether cognitive, behavioral, and/or emotional functioning may be affected due to CNS damage
Neuropsychological Test Batteries
Halstead-Reitan (about 8 hours; Reitan & Wolfson, 1993).
Luria-Nebraska (about 4 hours; Golden, Punsch, & Hammeke, 1978)
Neuropsychological Testing
Bender-Gestalt
Visual-Motor
Gestalt Test
Adapted from “Bender Gestalt Test,” by M. Wertheimer (1938). Retrieved from http://psicopsi.com/El-Bender-Gestalt-Test.
Neuropsychological Testing
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE; Folstein, Folstein, & McHugh, 1975)
Screening instrument for cognitive impairment
11 questions assess orientation, registration, attention/calculation, recall, and language.
Neuropsychological Testing
Wechsler Memory Scale-IV (Wechsler, 2009a)
Visual working memory
Auditory memory
Visual memory
Immediate memory
Delayed memory
Personality Testing – Objective
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2
(MMPI-2; Butcher, Dahlstrom, Graham, Tellegen, & Kaemmer, 1989).
567 items (1 – 2 hours)
10 Clinical Scales
10 Validity Scales
Personality Testing – Objective
MMPI-2 – Jeffrey Dahmer (Katz, n.d.)
MMPI-2 L F K Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si 50 76 48 52 83 67 105 65 66 53 82 84 50
Personality Testing – Objective
MMPI-2 – Jodi Arias (Winch, 2013)
MMPI-2 L F K Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si 51 79 53 64 81 79 107 45 98 75 88 67 52 Column1 L F K Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si
Personality Testing – Objective
21
MMPI-2 – Jeffrey Dahmer and Jodi Arias
Arias L F K Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si 51 79 53 64 81 79 107 45 98 75 88 67 52 Dahmer L F K Hs D Hy Pd Mf Pa Pt Sc Ma Si 50 76 48 52 83 67 105 65 66 53 82 84 50
Personality Testing – Objective
Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory – III
(MCMI-III; Millon, Millon, & Davis, 1994).
176 true/false items
14 personality disorder scales
10 clinical syndrome scales
Corresponds to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnostic categories (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994)
Personality Testing – Projective
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Exner Scoring System (Exner, 1997/2003)
Cognitive Triad: information processing, cognitive mediation, and ideation.
Standardized administration and scoring
Rorschach
Rorschach
Thematic Apperception Test
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT; Murray & Bellak, 1973)
Assessment of a person’s perception of themselves, the world, and interpersonal relationships
Standardized administration– tell a story
What led up to this?
What is happening?
What are the characters thinking and feeling?
What is the outcome?
Thematic Apperception Test
Thematic Apperception Test
Diagnostic Instruments
Structured
Composite International Diagnostic Interview for DSM–IV (CIDI; Robins et al., 1989)
Clinician Administered PTSD Scale
(CAPS; Blake et al., 1995)
Diagnostic Instruments
Semi-structured
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV
(SCID; First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002).
Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia: Present and Lifetime Version
(K-SADS-PL; Axelson, Birmaher, Zelazny, Kaufman, & Gill,2009).
Unstructured Interviews
Intelligence Testing
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV; Wechsler, 2008)
| Indexes | Subscales in Index | Additional Subscales |
| Verbal Comprehension | Similarities, Vocabulary, Information | Comprehension |
| Perceptual Reasoning | Block Design, Matrix Reasoning, Visual Puzzles | Picture Completion, Figure Weights |
| Working Memory | Digit Span, Arithmetic | Letter-number Sequencing |
| Processing Speed | Symbol Search, Coding | Cancellation |
Intelligence Testing
Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition
(WISC-IV; Wechsler, 2003)
Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence – Third Edition
(WPPSI-III; Wechsler, 2002).
Intelligence Testing
Raven’s Progressive
Matrices
(Raven, Raven,
& Court, 2003).
Nonverbal test of
general intelligence.
Achievement Tests – WRAT4
Wide Range Achievement Test – Fourth Edition (WRAT4; Wilkinson & Robertson, 2006).
Word Reading
Sentence Comprehension
Spelling
Math Computation
Achievement Tests – WJIII
Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement (WJIII; Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001a).
22 subtests include reading, spelling, writing, comprehension, calculation, following directions, recall
Normed on 8,818 children and adults (K – college)
Co-normed with Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities
(Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001b)
Achievement Tests- WIAT-III
Wechsler Individual Achievement Test – Third Edition (WIAT-III; Wechsler, 2009b).
Normed on ages 4 to 50; preschool to 12th grade
Identifies academic strengths, weaknesses
Aids in diagnosis of learning disabilities
Aptitude and Ability Tests
Aptitude tests: Measure relative strengths of innate (natural) abilities and competencies, capacity to learn from future training, and talent. They do not measure accumulated knowledge.
Ability tests: Often used during hiring process to measure cognitive abilities (verbal, abstract reasoning, numeric). They are used to predict future perform job performance, decision-making ability, and problem solving skills.
Symptom Inventories
Beck Depression Inventory-II
(BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996)
21 items, self-administered
Hamilton Anxiety Scale
(HAM-A; Hamilton, 1959)
14 items, clinician-administered
PTSD Symptom Scale – Self Report
(PSS-SR; Foa, Riggs, Dancu, & Rothbaum, 1993)
17 items, self-administered, assess severity of PTSD symptoms
Survey Instruments
Historical Measures – gather retrospective data
Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory
(EASE-PI; Nicholas & Bieber, 1997)
What can we survey?
Attitudes
Behaviors
Survey Instruments
What can we survey (continued)
Beliefs
Desires
Habits
Satisfaction levels
The list is endless
How to Select the Right Measure
Be very clear about the construct that will be measured
Do a thorough literature review of all studies that examined similar constructs
What measures were used in prior research?
What are the pros and cons of existing measures?
How to Select the Right Measure
Is an existing instrument suitable?
Do existing measures have demonstrated validity and reliability?
How will the instrument be administered?
Self Report – Are participants literate?
Language appropriate
Interviewer/clinician administered vs. milieu staff
Length of instrument
Appropriate for the setting and population
Quantity/Frequency of administration
How to Select the Right Measure
If an appropriate existing measure exists, use it.
If not, can an existing instrument be easily modified?
Modifying the instrument means that any prior data on reliability and validity no longer applies.
Scale Development
If no existing scale will do, develop a new scale.
Brainstorm with experts
Generate a huge number of survey items
Pilot the measure
Inter-item reliability (internal consistency)
Remove inconsistent items
Re-pilot the measure
References
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association (2010). Standard 9: Assessment. In Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct: 2010 amendments. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx#
Axelson, D., Birmaher, B., Zelazny, J., Kaufman, J., & Gill, M.K. (2009). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children: Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL 2009 Working Draft). Pittsburgh, PA: Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic. Retrieved from http://psychiatry.pitt.edu/sites/default/files/Documents/assessments/KSADS-PL_2009_working_draft_full.pdf
References (continued)
Beck, A.T., Steer, R.A., & Brown, G.K. (1996). Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
Blake, D. B., Weathers, F. W., Nagy, L. M., Kaloupek, D. G., Gusman, F. D., Charney, D. S., & Keane, T.M. (1995). The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8, 75–90.
Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W G, Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Exner, J. E., Jr. (2003). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system: Vol. 1. Basic foundations (4th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
46
References (continued)
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., and Williams, J. B.W. (2002). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I/P). New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Foa, E. B., Riggs, D. S., Dancu, C. V., & Rothbaum, B.O. (1993). Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 6(4), 459 -473
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E., & McHugh, P.R. (1975). "Mini-mental state.” A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal Of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189-98.
Golden, C. J., Punsch, A. D., & Hammeke, T. A. (1978). Diagnostic validity of a standardized neuropsychological battery derived from Luria’s neuropsychological tests. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46(6), 1258–1265.
References (continued)
Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32, 50–55.
Katz, G.S. (n.d.). Structured personality tests. Retrieved from http://www.csun.edu/~gk45683/P427%20-%2014%20-%20Structured%20Personality%20Tests%20-%20bw.pdf
Millon, T., Millon. C., & Davis. R. (1994). Millon Clinical Inventory-III manual. Minneapolis, MN: National Computer Systems.
Murray, H.A., & Bellak, L. (1973). Thematic Apperception Test. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
Nicholas, K.B., & Bieber, S.L. (1997). Assessment of perceived parenting behaviors: The Exposure to Abusive and Supportive Environments Parenting Inventory (EASE-PI). Journal of Family Violence, 12(3), 275-291 .
References (continued)
Raven, J., Raven, J.C., & Court, J.H. (2003). Manual for Raven's Progressive Matrices and Vocabulary Scales. Section 1: General Overview. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1993). The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Test Battery. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology Press.
Robins, L. N., Wing, J., Wittchen, H. U., Helzer, J. E., Babor, T. F., Burke, J., . . . Towle, L.H. (1989). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview: An epidemiologic instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures. Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1069–1077.
Wechsler, D. (2002). Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
References (continued)
Wechsler, D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (4th ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
Wechsler, D. (2009a). Wechsler Memory Scale–Fourth Edition. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
Wechsler, D. (2009b). Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
Wilkinson, G. S., & Robertson, G. J. (2006). Wide Range Achievement Test 4 professional manual. Lutz, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
References (continued)
Winch, G. (2013, April 18). Live blog: Experts in Arias trial in psychological war? [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.hlntv.com/article/2013/04/18/experts-arias-trial-play-psychological
Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K.S., & Mather, N. (2001a). Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
Woodcock, R. W., McGrew, K.S., & Mather, N. (2001b). Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Cognitive Abilities Examiner's Manual. Itasca, IL: Riverside.
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Psychological Testing H
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Psychological Testing History, Principles, and Applications
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