Drug X Increases Cell Branch Length Control 120Branch 1 Branch 2 Branch 3 Branch 5 40 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 100 114 120 Time (min) ADP 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 Time (min) Figure 1.3 From reading the newspaper or by watching TV, you have noticed that there are many different types of graphs for depicting information. Despite all the variance in graphing techniques scientists generally use a line graph or a bar graph for depicting the results of an experiment. The type of graph constructed is dependent on the type of data that is being analyzed by the experimenter. In short, data can only be described as discrete or continuous. Discrete data can best be described as a precise entity, For example, an organism can either be a jackal or a rose. Notice that there are no other options; chus, there are no data points between jackal and rose. Eye color is another example of discrete data; a person can have either blue or brown eyes. When the independent variable is discrete data, the data must be presented as a bar graph. On the other hand, continuous data is defined as a magnitude and is depicted on a line For instance, time, mass, distance, length, and volume are all examples of continuous data they are physical measurements. Thus, all of the aforementioned examples contain an infinite number of data points berween each physical measurement that is obained by APTEK experimentation. For example, think back to your math class when you were taught the concept of a line.Your teacher told you that a line is composed of an infinite number of points. Well, this is also true about continuous data. Consider how time is an example of continuous data. Time can be measured in years, months, weeks, days, hours, seconds, and fractions of seconds. Thus, time, and all the examples of continuous data, are basically lines. Ponder an experiment where a researcher is measuring change at intervals of 1 hour. We can assume that our, 2 hours, 3 hours, and so forth. Next, the data points would be placed on a graph and connected with a line. Even though a measurement was not taken at 90 minutes, the scientist still knows the amount of change that occurred at that point in time. Any reasonable person should be able to find 90 minutes on the line and go to the corresponding axis to retrieve the data. In summary, when the independent variable is a the researcher will take a measurement at 1 h type of continuous data, you must depict the results as a line graph. 1. Imagine that a pharmaceutical company developed five new formulations of a medication for controlling high cholesterol. Next, they conducted a series of experiments to determine which formula is most effective at lowering high cholesterol. Lastly, the company should draw a conclusion by analyzing their results with a graph. Explain. Next, after determining the effective formulation of the medication, the company needs to determine the optimum dosage. Again, they conduct a series of experiments, but this time they are only testing a single formula of the medication. Assume that they performed five trials with the following dosages: 100 mg. 150 mg, 200 mg, 250 mg, and 300 mg. Ultimately, after the data is collected, the company needs to display their results in a graph What kind of graph should they produce? Why? 2. MODULE 1 MODULE 1 CONDUCTING AN EXPERIMENT Protocol You will demonstrate an understanding of the scientific method by measuring the pH of bell and jalapeño peppers. In short, pH measures the free H ion in a solution. The pH scale has a range of values between 0 and 14, where 0 is the most acidic, 14 is the most basic, and 7 is neutral. The lab instructor will demonstrate proper use of the equipment necessary for completion of the lab. 4. Test your hypothesis. t from the bottom of the water level; this is known as the meniscus. The meniscus forms because water adheres to the glass causing the water to curve slightly To practice reading a graduated cylinder use Figure 1.6 to answer this question: What is the volume of fuid in the graduated cylinder below? 5loml ТЕКС Improper position Proper position Improper position Figure 1.6 b. Using a graduated cylinder, measure 10 mL of tap water. c. Pour the contents of the ed cylinder into a beaker and measure its pH. Tap water phH (record your results in Table 1.2) d. Using the electronic balance (Figure 1.7), knife, and cutting board at your worlk station, measure 1.0 g of bell pepper. Draft cover Balance pan Weight display On/Tare Figure 1.7 e. Dice the pepper into segments that measure approximately 5 mm in width E Place the diced bell pepper into the mortar and add 10 mL of tap water. Figure 1.8 g. Grind the bell pepper into a slurry using the pestle. h. Decant 10 mL of your slurry into the beaker. i. Measure the slurry’s pH with the provided indicator paper. Bell pepper pH:(record your results in Table 1.2) Thoroughly rinse the knife, cutting board, mortar and pestle, beaker, and graduated cylinder j. k. Using the balance, knife, and cutting board at your work station, measure 1.0 g of jalapeñio pepper In this step, why is it important to measure 1.0 g of the independent variable? go that tme resulis or taur Prepare the jalapeñio pepper slury using the same protocol listed above for the bell pepper. m. Measure the slurry’s pH with the provided paper Jalapeño pepper pH Co (record your results in Table 1.2) Table 1.2 Experimental Results of Pepper pH Tap Water pH Bell Pepper pH Jalapeño Pepper pH 8 Co 5. What can be concluded about the pH of bell and jalapeño peppers? theu twere tne same 6. Based on the data colected during the experiment, should the hypothesis be accepted or rejected? Rejecttd Based upon the answer to question 6 and knowledge of the scientific method, what would 7. be the next step? Why is it important to take the pH of the tap water? to see whene we start 8. since S 9. What are the independent and dependent variables in this experiment Independent variable: tap water Dependent variable: 10. List three standardized/control variables in this experiment. Control #1: Control #2: Control #3: 11. What is the importance of these standards/controls? 12. In step j, what was the purpose of thoroughly cleaning the equipment? 13. Using the same experimental assay, what pH result would you expect from a habañero pepper?