17 Apr Final Exam Study Guide1. Know the meaning, equation, symbol and u
Final Exam Study Guide1. Know the meaning, equation, symbol and units of density. Be able to use theequation to answer questions relating to density.2. What does it mean to be ‘proportional to’ (α) and ‘inversely proportion to?’3. Be able to distinguish between speed, velocity and acceleration. In particular, knowthe following including knowing units.4. Given an equation, describe how the dependent variable changes when theindependent variables are adjusted.5. Know the details of Newton’s 3 laws of motion.6. What is the gravitational acceleration on Earth?7. What is the difference between weight and mass? What are units for each?8. What did Galileo say about falling objects?9. What is a ‘force’ and ‘net force’ and know how they relate to acceleration.10. What does Newton’s law of Gravitation say?11. Know what the following are and know units. Be able to solve simple problems:a. Workb. Power12. Know the definition of “Energy” and know what the following basic types ofenergy are dependent on. Know how to solve simple problems.a. Kinetic Energyb. Potential Energy13. What does the “Law of Conservation of Energy” state? Be able to use this idea tosolve simple problems.14. What is the definition of temperature and what three temperature scales used?Which one is the absolute scale and why?15. Know the process behind the 3 modes of heat transfer.a. Conductionb. Convectionc. Radiation16. Know the basics of the following type of energy sources, the advantages,disadvantages and whether it is renewable or nonrenewable.a. Nuclear (fission and fusion)b. Coalc. Gasd. Oile. Biomassf. Geothermalg. Solarh. Windi. Tidej. Hydroelectrick. Wave17. What are the 3 phases of a substance?18. Be able to identify the following components of a wave.a. Wavelengthb. Amplitude and wave heightc. Crestd. Troughe. Equilibrium positionf. Period (know units)g. Frequency (know units)19. Know the details of the 4 ways in which waves (light and sound) can interact withobjects.a. Absorptionb. Transmissionc. Reflectiond. Refraction20. What makes up an atom and describe location, charge and relative size of each.Which of these is involved with electrical interactions?a. Electronsb. Protonsc. Neutrons21. What is an “ion?”22. What is the difference between AC and DC power?23. Basically how is the magnetic field of our Earth set up and where are the north andsouth poles? How often does the Earth’s magnetic field change?24. What is light and all other radiation composed of?25. What determines one type of radiation from another?26. What determines the energy of radiation emitted from an object? What does ahigher energy say about the wavelength of that radiation?27. What determines the color of an object?28. What is meant by the colors black and white?29. Given the Stefan-Boltzman law (E=σT4), determine how radiation is affected by achanging temperature.30. How does the peak wavelength change as an object’s temperature changes?31. What components make up an atom?32. Which part of the atom is involved with chemical reactions?33. What is an ‘isotope?’34. Using the Periodic Table, be able to identify the following for any given isotopea. Number of electronsb. Number of protons (same as atomic number)c. Number of neutronsd. Mass number (what atom is the reference)e. Atomic Weight (know how it is derived)35. What do the columns of the Period Table tell you especially with regards to thenumber of electrons in the outer orbit?36. What is an ‘orbital?’37. What are ‘noble gases’ and what can you say about their outer electrons? Where arethey found on the periodic table?38. What occurs during a ‘chemical reaction?’ What are the following?a. Reactantb. Products39. Describe and be able to give some examples of the following:a. Ionic bondb. Covalent bondc. Polar covalent bond40. Be able to identify the number of atoms in a given chemical formula.41. Know how to derive a “molecular weight” given any compound.42. What does the “Law of Conservation of Mass” state?43. What is meant by the following terms:a. Moleb. Avogadro’s number44. What bonds hold water together and be able to describe how each one works?Which one is weaker?a. Polar Covalentb. Hydrogen45. What does the hydrogen bond due to the specific heat of water?46. What is meant by solubility? What things affect the solubility of a liquid withrespect to both solids and gases? What is “saturation?”47. Know what things can affect the freezing and boiling point of water.48. What are acids, bases and salts? What are some characteristics of each? Whathappens when you add acids and bases together?49. What is meant by the pH scale and what values do acids, bases and pure waterhave? What does it mean to go up or down one number in the pH scale?50. Describe the 3 types of radioactive decay. How penetrating are each?51. What is half-life, what can you do to change it and be able to solve a simple halflife problem (very similar to homework)52. What is the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion? Which one ofthese runs our ‘current’ nuclear power plants? Which one runs our Sun and otherstars?53. Describe the nuclear fusion process:a. Elements involvedb. How does the size of a star change the time it takes to burn up the fuel?c. How long will it take for our Sun to burn up its fuel?d. How long has the Sun been around so far?54. How do stars end their lives? What about our Sun?55. How does our Sun compare to other stars as far as size, age, and temperature?56. What are the following?a. Red Giantb. White Dwarfc. Supernovae (know elements heavier than Iron are formed here)d. Neutron Starse. Black Holes57. What is a Galaxy?a. What galaxy do we live in?b. How many stars are in an average galaxy?c. How many galaxies are in the universe?58. What is the Big Bang?a. What evidence pointed to this theory?b. What happens after the Big Bang? How does the density of the universedetermine its ultimate fate?59. Regarding our planets and moons:a. Know the ordering of our planets in the Solar System from closest tofurthest.b. What does “Terrestrial Planet” and “Giant gas planet” mean and whichplanets fall under each category?c. Which planets have atmospheres?d. What is Pluto’s new classification and why?e. Which planet is the largest? Smallest?f. Which moon in our Solar System likely has a large ocean?60. Know the characteristics of the following parts of a yeara. Summer solsticeb. Winter solsticec. Autumnal equinoxd. Vernal equinox61. What is the tilt of our Earth and how does it affect the following?a. Lengths of day and nightb. Seasons62. What is the Coriolis Effect and how does it influence the way things move onEarth?63. How does latitude and longitude identify a location on a planet?64. What is the ‘prime meridian’ and where is it located? Is this arbitrary?65. What is the “equator” and where is it located? Is this arbitrary?66. Identify the following and how are they significant?a. Arctic Circleb. Antarctic Circlec. Tropic of Cancerd. Tropic of Capricorn67. Be able to identify the Sun’s location throughout the year.68. What makes a Moon phase and what are the 4 basic types?69. What is a lunar and solar eclipse? What phase will the Moon be in for each?70. What affects the tides? What are Neap and Spring tides?71. What are the 3 types of tides and what type does Miami experience?72. What are the 3 main groups of rocks and make sure you know how each are formed.Which one is the most common?73. What type of waves do earthquakes produce and how can they tell us what theinterior of the planet looks like? What are P and S wave shadow zones?74. How do the Oceanic and Continental crusts differ with regards to age, thickness,density and composition? Which part of the oceanic crust is the deepest?75. Regarding plate tectonics, describe the following:a. Who proposed the theory?b. What was the name of the original land mass?c. What do the magnetic stripes on the seafloor tell us about plate tectonics andthe magnetic field of Earth?76. Regarding plate boundaries:a. What are the 3 types?b. How fast do plates typically move?c. What are subduction zones and what can they create?d. What is the difference between the following types of convergentboundaries?i. Continental-oceanicii. Oceanic-oceaniciii. Continental-continental77. Know how each of the following places are created:a. Japanb. San Andreas Faultc. Icelandb. Himalayan Mountainsc. Hawaii78. What top 2 fixed components make up our atmosphere? How are each created andremoved from the atmosphere?79. What are 2 important non-fixed components in our atmosphere and how are theycreated and removed?80. What type of radiation does the Sun provide to the Earth? What type of radiationdoes the Earth re-radiate back out to space?81. What is the greenhouse effect?82. Be able to identify the regions of our atmosphere and describe the temperaturechanges in each.83. How are winds created?84. What is a seabreeze and land breeze?85. How are global wind patterns set up? Be able to identify and describe the following:a. ITCZ (Doldrums)b. Trade windsc. Westerliesd. High and low pressure regions86. What is an ‘air mass?’87. What are the various fronts and their characteristics?88. What is a cyclone and anticyclone? How do winds spin around them in the northernhemisphere?89. How does a hurricane gets its energy?90. What and where are the major climate zones? What causes them? What types offeatures are found in these regions?91. What 4 factors can locally change global climate patterns?a. Altitudeb. Mountainsc. Bodies of waterd. Ocean currents92. What is meant by the ‘thermohaline circulation?’ How does it affect Earth’sclimate?93. Know the characteristics and location of the following:a. Gulf Streamb. California Current94. What is the Milankovitch Theory?95. List the important greenhouse gases.96. Describe our current CO2 concentrations and compare them to the past 420,000years.97. How do CO2 concentrations relate to Earth’s past temperature?98. What primarily changes sea levels on Earth?99. How are sea levels currently changing and how high can they go?100. Describe the following feedback mechanisms:a. Water-vapor greenhouse feedbackb. Snow-albedo feedbackc. Cloud feedbackd. Radiation feedback
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