Contents v

Causes and Effects: Why Did States Emerge and Expand? 57 Political/Conflict Theories 58 Economic Theories 60 Cultural Theories 61 Diffusion Theories 62

Great Britain, the United Kingdom, or Neither? State and Nation in England and Scotland 65

C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

Mexico 56 France 59 United Kingdom 62 Nigeria 63

C H A P T E R 4

Political Economy 70 Concepts 72

Inequality 73 Employment and Inflation 75

Types 76 Markets and States in Modern Economies 76

Markets and Economic Performance 77 States and Economic Performance 79

Economic Functions of Modern States 82 States and Economic Management 82 Investments in Human Capital: Education and Health 83 Infrastructure and Other Public Goods 85 Welfare State Functions 85

Causes and Effects: W hy Do Welfare States Emerge? 86 Cultural Changes 87 Industrial Capitalism 87 Mobilization and Political Action 89 International Learning Effects 92

Welfare States in the Nordic Countries: What Can We Learn and How? 93

C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

United States 72 United Kingdom 77 Japan 84 Germany 87

C H A P T E R 5

Development 96 Concepts 98

Types 98 Poverty 98 Social Outcomes and Human Development 99 Gender Relations and Racial and Ethnic Identities 100

Satisfaction and Happiness 101 Cultural Development 102 Sustainability 103

Causes and Effects: Why Does Development Happen? 103 Institutions:The Market-State Debate, Revisited 104 Institutions: Beyond the Market-State Debate 106 Culture and Development 107

Civil Society, Social Capital, and Trust 107 Religion 109 Value Systems 109

Systems and Structures: Domestic and International 110 Domestic Economic Structures and Class Interests 111 International Economic Structures and Class Interests 111 Geography 112

Explaining the Development of North and South Korea 114

C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

India 99 Nigeria 101 China 105 Brazil 112

C H A P T E R 6

Democracy and Dem ocratization 119 Concepts 121

Democracy and Democratic Regimes 121 Procedural (Minimal) Definitions of Democracy 122 Substantive Definitions of Democracy 123

Regime Change and Democratization 124

Types 125 Types of Democracy 125

Representative Democracy 126 Direct Democracy 128

Types of Democratization 129 Democratic Transitions 129 Democratic Consolidation 129

Causes and Effects: What Causes Democratization? 131 Modernization 132 Culture and Democracy 134 The International System 135 Domestic Institutions 136 Agents and Actors: The Role of Individuals and Groups 137 Combining Arguments and Theories: Multiple Causes 139

l l ! l l ! i m i M U M I i m is American Democracy a Model? 141

C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

Brazil 130

■

Contents

China 131 India 133 United States 140

C H A P T E R 7

A uthoritarian Regimes and Democratic Breakdown 145 Concepts 147

Authoritarianism and Authoritarian Regimes 147 Transitions to Authoritarian Regimes 148

Types 148 Types of Authoritarianism 148

Totalitarian Regimes 148 Theocracies 149 Personalistic Dictatorships 149 Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regimes 151 Hybrid and Semi-authoritarian Regimes 151

Types of Transition (or Nontransition) to Authoritarianism 152 Authoritarian Persistence 153 Democratic Breakdown 155 Transition to Hybrid or Semi-authoritarian Regime 157

Causes and Effects: What Causes Authoritarian Regimes to Emerge and Persist? 158 Historical Institutionalist Theories 159 Poverty and Inequality 160 State Weakness and Failure 162 Political Culture Theories of Authoritarian Persistence 163 Barriers to Collective Action 164 Special Causal Circumstances Surrounding Hybrid

and Semi-Authoritarian Regimes 166

Why Did Zimbabwe Become and Remain Authoritarian? 167

C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

Iran 150 Russia 153 Mexico 154 Germany 157 France 157

p a r t ill: Institutions of Government

C H A P T E R 8

Constitutions and Constitutional Design 171 Concepts 174

Constitutions 174 Constitutional Design 175

Types 176 Flexible and Rigid Constitutions 177 Separation of Powers: Judicial Review and Parliamentary

Sovereignty 178 Federalism and Unitarism 180

Federalism 180 Unitarism 182

Authoritarian and Democratic Constitutions 183

Causes and Effects: W hat Are the Effects of Federal Constitutions? 184 Are Federal Constitutions Good for Social Stability? 185 Are Federal Constitutions Good for Democratic Rights? 187 Are Federal Constitutions Good for the Economy? 188 Judicial Review and Democracy 190

What Explains the Similarities Between the Brazilian and South African Constitutions? 193

H B a iiB B iflm i United Kingdom 181 Iran 185 Nigeria 187 India 189 United States 192

C H A P T E R 9

Legislatures and Legislative Elections 198 Concepts 200

What Legislatures Are 200 What Legislatures Do 201

Types 202 Unicameral and Bicameral Legislatures 202 Electoral Systems 205

District Systems 205 Proportional Representation (PR) 208 Mixed or Hybrid 209

Executive-Legislative Relations 211

Causes and Effects: What Explains Patterns of Representation? 213 Patterns of Representation 213 Electoral Systems and Representation 215 Legislative Decision Making and Representation 218 Executive-Legislative Relations and Representation 220

Representation in New Zealand and Beyond 222

ES3Q2SE31 United Kingdom 206 Brazil 209 Japan 210 Germany 212 United States 217

Brief Contents

p a r t i : Comparative Political Analysis

1 The Comparative Approach: An Introduction 1

2 Theories, Hypotheses, and Evidence 23

p a r t II: The State, Development, Democracy, and Authoritarianism

3 The State 46

4 Political Economy 70

5 Development 96

6 Democracy and Democratization 119

7 Authoritarian Regimes and Democratic Breakdown 145

p a r t ill: Institutions of Government

8 Constitutions and Constitutional Design 171

9 Legislatures and Legislative Elections 198

10 Executives 226

11 Political Parties, Party Systems, and Interest Groups 252

p a r t IV: Politics, Society, and Culture

12 Revolutions and Contention 277

13 Nationalism and National Identity 304

14 Race, Ethnicity, and Gender 325

15 Ideology and Religion in Modern Politics 348

p a r t V : The Comparative-International Nexus

16 Comparative Politics and International Relations 372

p a r t v i : Country Profiles and Cases

Brazil 399

China 412

I I France 427

P B B Germany 441

^ 2 lndia 455 ] Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran) 468

| ♦ | Japan 482

a Mexico 496 n Nigeria 510 j j j j Russia (Russian Federation) 525

I H H United Kingdom 539

■ United States 553

Contents

Insights, xiii Preface xv Maps of the World xxvi

p a r t i : Comparative Political Analysis

C H A P T E R 1

The Comparative Approach: A n Introduction 1 Asking Why: Research Questions in Comparative

Politics 2 Major Questions in Comparative Politics 4 Empirical Arguments Versus Normative Arguments 6 Solving Intellectual Puzzles: A Contemporary Analogy 7

Concepts 9 Features of Good Concepts 9 Conceptualization 10 Operationalizing: From Concepts to Measures 11

Empirical Evidence 12 Facts and Evidence 12 Cases and Case Studies 13

The Comparative Method 14 Variables and Comparison 14 Most-Similar-Systems Design 15 Most-Different-Systems Design 18 Comparative Checking 18 Within-Case Comparison 20

Is the Study of Politics a Science? The Limits of the Comparative Method 20

C H A P T E R 2

Theories, Hypotheses, and Evidence 23 Introduction to Theories, Hypotheses, and Evidence 24

Theories 25 Flypotheses 25 How Theories Emerge and Are Used 27 Types of Evidence 29

L h

Hypothesis Testing 31 Correlation 31 Causation 33

Critiques: Using Theory and Evidence 39 Empirical Critiques: Using Deviant Cases 39 Theoretical Critiques: Improving Theories and Hypotheses 39

The Challenges of Measurement: Biases, Errors, and Validity 41

EU SM B B S* Qualities of Good Analysis and Argumentation 42 Step 1: Asking Good Questions: Why? 43 Step 2: Hypothesis Testing: Generating Good Hypotheses

and Testing Them Fairly 43 Step 3: Balancing Argumentation: Evidence, Originality,

and Meaningfulness 43

p a r t ii: The State, Development, Democracy, and Authoritarianism

C H A P T E R 3

The State 46 Concepts 48

The Modern State 48 State Capacity 49 Failed States 50 The State-Society Relationship 50

Types 52 Cha racteristics of Modern States 52

Bureaucracy 52 Impersonality 53 Sovereignty 54

Traditional Functions of States 55 Defense 55 Policing 55 Taxation 56 Order, Administration, and “Legibility" 57

■NSgggf

C H A P TE R 10

Executives 226 Concepts 228

Types 229 Executive Structures: Presidential and Parliamentary 230 Formal Powers 232 Partisan Powers 235 Coalitions 235 Informal Powers 240

Causes and Effects: What Explains Executive Stability? 240 Stable and Unstable Regimes: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism,

and Democracy 241 Stable and Unstable Executives: Styles of Presidential Rule 243 Stable and Unstable Executives: Patterns of Parliamentary

Rule 246

U i lllim i l M M H H m Beyond the American and British Models 247

C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

France 231 United States 231 Russia 234 China 236 Nigeria 241

C H A P T E R 11

Political Parties, Party Systems, and Interest Groups 252 Concepts 255

Political Parties 255 Party Systems 255 Interest Groups 256

Types 257 Political Parties: Elite, Mass, and Catch-All Parties 258 Party Systems: Dominant-Party, Two-Party, and Multiparty

Systems 259 Interest Groups: Pluralism and Corporatism 264

Causes and Effects: Why Do Party Systems Emerge, and What Effects Do They Have? 267 Party Systems and Representation 267

What Factors Shape Party Systems? 267 How Do Party Systems Shape Political Outcomes? 269

Interest Groups and Representation 272

Party Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa 275

C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

China 260 Japan 261

Contents vii

Germany 262 Russia 265 Mexico 267

p a r t i v : Politics, Society, and Culture

C H A P T E R 12

Revolutions and Contention 277 Concepts 279

What Is "Contention"? 279 Revolutionary and Non-Revolutionary Contention 279

Types 280 Social Movements 280 Revolutions 284 Insurgencies and Civil Wars 287 Terrorism 287 “Everyday Resistance" 289 Thinking About Contention: Summary 290

Causes and Effects: W hy Do Revolutions Happen? 291 Relative Deprivation 291 Resource Mobilization and Political Opportunities 292 Rational Choice 294 Culture or "Framing" Explanations 296

Q ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Q ^ ^ T h e "Arab Spring" of 2011 298 C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

Brazil 282 France 285 Russia 292 China 293 Iran 297

C H A P T E R 13

Nationalism and National Identity 304 Concepts 306

Identity 306 Nationalism and the Nation 306

Types 307 Primordialist Approaches 307 Perennialist Approaches 308 Modernist Approaches 308 Types of Nationalism 311

Causes and Effects: W hat Causes Ethno-National Conflict? 313 Primordial Bonds 316 Cultural Boundaries 317

viii Contents

Material Interests 318 Rational Calculation 318 Social Psychology 320

Ending Ethnic and National Violence 321

United Kingdom 308 Mexico 309 Japan 310 Germany 312 Nigeria 316

C H A P T E R 14

Race, Ethnicity, and G ender 325 Concepts 327

Race and Ethnicity 327 Gender 328 Sexual Orientation 329

Types 329 Disentangling Race and Ethnicity 329 Discrimination Based on Race and Ethnicity 332 Gender Discrimination 333 Empowerment of Women and Minority Groups 334

Causes and Effects: What Factors Influence the Political Representation of Women and Minority Groups? 337 Social Movement Mobilization 337 Political Parties Based on Gender or Ethnicity 339 Institutions for Promoting Women's and Minority Group

Representation 341

WOmmwMEfr Indicators of Gender Empowerment 344

C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

Iran 334 Japan 335 Brazil 336 Mexico 340 India 341

C H A P T E R 15

Ideology and Religion in M odern Politics 348 Concepts 350

Modernity and Modernization 350 Ideology 351 Religion 351 Secularization, Religion, and Modern Politics 352 Religious Conflict 353

Types 354 Modern Ideologies 354

Liberalism 354 Fascism 355 Socialism 356

Modern Forms of Religion in Politics 357 Lay and Religious States 358 Denominationalism 359

Causes and Effects: W hy Do Religion and Ideology Remain Prevalent in Modern Politics? 360 Why (and How) Does Modernization Alter Religion's Role

in Politics? 360 Modernization Theory and Secularization 361 The ‘Religious Economies"Approach 362

Institutional Theories 363 Why Didn't Ideology (and History) End? 364

JBBBSMMESk Two Lefts in Latin America? 367 C A S E S IN C O N T E X T

United Kingdom 355 Russia 357 France 359 Iran 360 Nigeria 361

p a r t V : The Comparative-International Nexus

C H A P T E R 16

Comparative Politics and International Relations 372 Concepts 375

Issues 376 Globalization and Trade 376 International Institutions and Integration 380 Immigration 382 Environment and Sustainability 384 Transnational Networks 387 Nuclear Threats and Terrorism 388

Causes and Effects: What Are the Main Causes in International Relations? 390 Realism 390 Liberalism 393 Constructivism 394 Marxism 395

Contents ix

The EU and Levels of Analysis 395 C A S E S IN C O N T EX T

United States 381 France 383 Japan 387 Iran 389 India 389

• Qom

I R A N Esfahan »

• Dezful ® Y a z d

p a r t vi: Country Profiles and Cases

m Brazil 399 399

Introduction 399 Historical Development 401 Regime and Political Institutions 404 Political Culture 405 Political Economy 406

407 Does the Global Economy Help or Hurt Developing Nations?

(Chapter 5) 407 Democratic Consolidation in Brazil (Chapter 6) 408 Electoral Rules and Party (In)Discipline in Brazil's Legislature

(Chapter 9) 409 Brazil's Landless Movement (Chapter 12) 410 Gender and Political Representation in Brazil: Where Has

Progress Come From? (Chapter 14) 410

HI C hina 412 412

Introduction 412 Historical Development 414 Regime and Political Institutions 417 Political Culture 418 Political Economy 419

420 How Did China Become an Economic Power? (Chapter 5) 420 Is China Destined for Democracy? (Chapter 6) 421 Who Governs China? (Chapter 10) 423 The Chinese Party System (Chapter 11) 424 The Chinese Revolution (Chapter 12) 425

1 1 France 427 427

Introduction 427

C A S E S T U D IE S

C A S E S T U D IE S

Historical Development 429 Regime and Political Institutions 431 Political Culture 432 Political Economy 433

434 The State in France (Chapter 3) 434 Authoritarian Persistence in Nineteenth-Century France

(Chapter 7) 435 Electing the French President: What Do Runoffs Do? (Chapter 10) 436 The French Revolution (Chapter 12) 437 Religion and Secularism in France (Chapter 15) 438 Globalization and Culture in France (Chapter 16) 439

G erm any 441 2 ^ 441

Introduction 441 Historical Development 443 Regime and Political Institutions 446 Political Culture 447 Political Economy 448

u s m a m i 449 The German State: Unification and Welfare (Chapter 4) 449 Democracy and Authoritarianism in Germany (Chapter 7) 450 Institutional Design: Germany's Bundestag and Bundesrat

(Chapter 9) 451 Consensus-Based Politics in Germany (Chapter 11) 452 Ethnic Boundaries of the German Nation? (Chapter 13) 453

India 455 455

Introduction 455 Historical Development 457 Regime and Political Institutions 460 Political Culture 461 Political Economy 462

463 What Explain India's Recent Growth? (Chapter 5) 463 Democracy's Success in India: What Can We Learn from

a Deviant Case? (Chapter 6) 464 Federalism and Differences in Development in India (Chapter 8) 464 Ethnicity and Political Parties in India (Chapter 14) 465 India in the Twenty-First Century: Domestic Politics, Identity,

and Security (Chapter 16) 466

C 2 Iran (Islamic Republic o f Iran) 468 2 ^ 468

Introduction 468 Historical Development 470 Regime and Political Institutions 473

C A S E S T U D IE S

C A S E S T U D IE S

X Contents

Political Culture 474 Political Economy 474

B E E uE H E I 475 Democratic Features of Authoritarian Systems? The Case of

Iran (Chapter 7) 475 Constitutional Design: Theocracy in Iran (Chapter 8) 476 Iran's Islamic Revolution and "Green Revolution"? (Chapter 12) 478 Gender in Post-Revolutionary Iranian Politics (Chapter 14) 479 Religion and Politics in Iran (Chapter 15) 479 Iran and the Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chapter 16) 480

Japan 482 ^ 482

Introduction 482 Historical Development 484 Regime and Political Institutions 487 Political Culture 488 Political Economy 488

C A S E S T U D IE S 490 State-Led Development in Japan (Chapter 4) 490 The Hybrid Electoral System of the Japanese Diet

(Chapter 9) 491 How Did Japan's Dominant Party Win for So Long?

(Chapter 11) 491 Importing National Identity in Japan? (Chapter 13) 493 Gender Empowerment in Japan? (Chapter 14) 493 Resource Management in Japan (Chapter 16) 494

I I Mexico 496 496

Introduction 496 Historical Development 498 Regime and Political Institutions 501 Political Culture 502 Political Economy 503

E S 2 2 S 3 504 The Mexican State and Rule of Law (Chapter 3) 504 Mexico's "Perfect Dictatorship" and Its End (Chapter 7) 505 The PRI and Corporatism in Mexico (Chapter 11) 506 Industrialization, Modernity, and National Identity

in Mexico (Chapter 13) 507 Why Aren't There Major Ethnic Parties in Mexico?

(Chapter 14) 508

I I Nig­eria 510 510

Introduction 510 Historical Development 512

Regime and Political Institutions Political Culture 515 Political Economy 516

515

C A S E S T U D IE S 517 What Is a Weak State, and Can It Be Changed?

The Case of Nigeria (Chapter 3) 517 Why Are Natural Resources Sometimes a Curse?

The Nigerian Case (Chapter 5) 518 Federalism and the States in Nigeria: Holding Together

or Tearing Apart? (Chapter 8) 519 The Presidency in Nigeria: Powers and Limitations

(Chapter 10) 521 The Nigerian Civil War or Biafran War: Nationalism and Ethno-

National Conflict in a Post-Colonial Society (Chapter 13) 522 Religious Difference and Conflict in Nigeria: Disentangling

Ethnicity and Religion? (Chapter 15) 523

Russia (Russian Federation) 525 525

Introduction 525 Historical Development 527 Regime and Political Institutions 531 Political Culture 532 Political Economy 532

m m 533 Oligarchy, Democracy, and Authoritarianism in Russia

(Chapter 7) 533 Executives in Russia: Formal and Informal Powers

(Chapter 10) 534 Personalism and the Party System in Russia (Chapter 11) 535 The Russian Revolution (Chapter 12) 536 Communist Ideology in Practice— Russia and the Soviet Union

(Chapter 15) 537

IH H U nited Kingdom 539 539

Introduction 539 Historical Development 541 Regime and Political Institutions 544 Political Culture 545 Political Economy 545

I4M 4-W H.IIH 546 The State in the United Kingdom (Chapter 3) 546 Political Economy of Britain (Chapter 4) 547 No Constitution? No Supreme Court? Constitutionality in the

United Kingdom (Chapter 8) 548 The Mother of Parliaments: The United Kingdom and the

Westminster Model (Chapter 9) 549 National Identity in the United Kingdom (Chapter 13) 550 Liberal Ideology in the United Kingdom (Chapter 15) 552

Contents

United States 553 553

Introduction 553 Historical Development 555 Regime and Political Institutions 558 Political Culture 559 Political Economy 560

I 2 2 J2 I3I3 561 Did Free Markets Help the United States Get Rich? Will They in

the Future? (Chapter 4) 561 Is American Democracy in Trouble?

(Chapter 6) 562

Is Judicial Activism in the United States a Problem? (Chapter 8) 563

The United States Congress: Dysfunctional or Functioning by Design? (Chapter 9) 564

"The Most Powerful Person in the World”? Checks on American Presidents (Chapter 10) 566

The United States and the World: A Love-Hate Relationship? (Chapter 16) 567

Notes 569 Glossary 581 References and Further Reading 591 Credits 617 Index 618

r

Insights

C H A P TER 3

C H A P TER 4

C H A P T E R S

C H A P TER 6

C H A P TER 7

C H A PTER 8

Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States 60 Douglass North, John Wallis, and Barry Weingast, Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework

for Interpreting Recorded Human History 61 Philip Gorski, The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modem Europe 62 Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors 64 John Meyer, John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco Ramirez, World Society and the

Nation-State 65

Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom 79 Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation 80 Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy 89 Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time 90 Gasta Esping-Andersen, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism 91

Atul Kohli, State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery 107 Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson, The Colonial Origins of Comparative

Development 108 Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity 109 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System 113 Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 114

Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics and Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy ’ 132

Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 135 Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century 137 Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from

Authoritarian Rule 139 Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human

Development Sequence 140

Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in theMaking of the Modem World 161

Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 162 Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five

Nations 164 Timur Kuran, Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989 165 Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War 166

William Riker, Federalism:Origin, Operation, Significance 186 Alfred Stepan, Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model 186 Wallace Oates, Fiscal Federalism 189 Jonathan Rodden and Erik Wibbels, Beyond the Fiction of Federalism: Economic Management in

Multi-Tiered Systems 190 Ran Hirschl, Toward Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism 193

Insights

CH A P TE R 9

C H A P TER 10

CH A P TER 11

CH A P TER 12

CH A P TER 13

C H A P TER 14

C H A P TER 15

C H A P TE R 16

Scott Morgenstern and Benito Nacif, Legislative Politics in Latin America 213 Hannah Pitkin, The Concept of Representation 214 Gary Cox and Matthew McCubbins, Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House 219 Morris Fiorina, Divided Government 221 Michael Mezey, Comparative Legislatures 222

Juan Linz, The Perils ofPresidentialism and The Virtues of Parliamentarism 242 Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Shugart.duan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical

Appraisal 243 Guillermo O'Donnell, DelegativeDemocracy 244 Kenneth Roberts, Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: the Peruvian

Case 245 Arend Lijphart, Consociational Democracy 247

Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City 266 Maurice Duverger, Les Partis Politiques [Political Parties] 268 Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis 269 Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy 271 Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups and The Rise

and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities 273 Mark Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks 289 Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, and Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel 292 Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China 294 Marc Lichbach, The Rebel's Dilemma 296 John Foran, Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions 298

Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism 309 Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity 310 David Laitin, Nations, States, and Violence 319 Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict 320

Joane Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture 338 Manuel Castells, The Power of Identity 338 Donna Lee Van Cott, From Movements to Parties in Latin America 340 Mala Htun, Is Gender Like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups 342 Mona Lena Krook, Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide 344

Jose Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World 358 Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 361 Anthony Gill, The Political Origins of Religious Liberty 362 Ahmet Kuru, Secularism and State Policies Toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey 364 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man 365 Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order 366 Shmuel N. Eisenstadt. Multiple Modernities 366

Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons 386 Moises Naim, The Five Wars of Globalization 388 Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics 392 Michael Doyle, Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs 393 Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics 394

The field of comparative politics is changing, not only in how it’s studied but in how it’s taught. We set out to write this textbook because we saw the need for a new approach—one that is truly comparative, that goes beyond a litany of facts or abstract ideas. In the process, we had to rethink what a book for this course should look like. We started with a central aim: to get students to think like comparativists. Toward that end, we have integrated theories and methods with a range of country case applications to address the big questions in com­ parative politics today.

Many undergraduates take a course in comparative politics because they are broadly interested in world affairs. They want to understand issues such as democ­ racy and democratization, economic and social development, transnational social movements, and the relationship between world religions and conflict around the globe, just as we did as students (and still do!). This book focuses squarely on these big issues and offers a framework for understanding through comparison.

Our job is to teach students how to think critically, how to analyze the world around them. We want our students to do more than just memorize facts and theo­ ries. Ultimately, we want them to learn how to do comparative politics. This course is successful if students can use the comparative method to seek out their own an­ swers. We are successful as educators if we give them the analytical skills to do so.

What's New in This Edition? We have thoroughly updated this edition of Comparative Politics to reflect feed­ back we received from numerous readers, instructors, and students, not to men­ tion our own experiences of teaching with the book. We are truly grateful to those who have shared their perspectives with us.

Whereas the first edition covered the state, political economy, and develop­ ment across two chapters, the second edition expands this coverage into three:

• Chapter 3 now focuses on describing and defining the state, emphasizing its organizational form, its order-generating characteristics, and its linkages to both domestic and international conflict. This chapter retains a focus on explaining the rise of modern states in the “Thinking Comparatively” section and includes an expanded discussion of civil society and society- state relations.

• Chapter 4 is now devoted entirely to political economy, including considerable discussion of welfare states and efforts to explain variation in their form and extent.

• Chapter 5 picks up the thread from the political economy discussion and focuses on development issues.

In addition to these changes in several key chapters, we have made the follow­ ing revisions throughout the book:

• Streamlined the chapter on nationalism and national identity, and in the process highlighted its focus on intergroup conflict.

• Substantially revised several of the “Thinking Comparatively” features that close the chapters, showing how comparativists work with models as a crucial step in their method.

• Emphasized the case studies that readers found most useful, while elimi­ nating some that were less so.

• Updated the entire set of country materials and the broader text.

An Integrative Approach One of the distinctive features of this book is the way we have integrated theories, methods, and cases. Rather than focusing on either country information or themes

Democracy's Success in India: What Can We Learn from a Deviant Case?

India is a major anomaly for modernization theories of develop­ ment. In essence, the relationship between its political and eco­ nomic development has been the inverse of what modernization theory would predict. India is the world's …

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