24 May PH116-44 – Race, Ethnicity, and Health Read chapter 4 and answer the questions.? 1). This disease is the seventh leading cause of death in the Uni
Chapter 4: PH116-44 – Race, Ethnicity, and Health
Read chapter 4 and answer the questions.
1). This disease is the seventh leading cause of death in the United States. It is more common among people who are members of some racial and ethnic minority groups and groups with lower socioeconomic status.?
A. Heart disease
B. Diabetes
C. Hypertension
D. Cancer
2). Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of mortality (death) and morbidity (disease) in human populations.?
A. True
B. False
3). Prevalence is the number of new cases of a given disease or condition in a population.?
A. True
B. False
4). Rates of maternal mortality have increased over the years.?
A. True
B. False
5). Which of the following sentences is FALSE?
A. There has been a decline in age-adjusted mortality for all racial/ethnic groups throughout the twentieth century.
B. Persistent disparities among sexes and racial/ethnic groups exist.
C. Native Americans have lower mortality rates than whites.
D. African-American have higher age-adjusted mortality rates than all other racial group.
6). Which racial/ethnic group had/has the second highest rates of infant mortality.?
A. Hispanics
B. Whites
C. Blacks
D. American Indian
7). The lowest rate of infant mortality in 2018 was seen among.?
A. Asians
B. Non-Hispanic White
C. Pacific Islanders
D. Blacks
8). Which of the following is not a cause of infant mortality?
A. preterm births
B. obesity
C. birth defects
D. pregnancy complications
9). Which of the following groups tend to have a longer expectancy?
A. Black females
B. Black males
C. White females
D. White males
10). Which of the following (s) is true about “self-assessed health status”?
A. It is an important indicator of the general health of the population
B. It is recognized as a valid measure for predicting future health outcomes
C. Self-Assessed health is measured by surveys.
D. All are true
11). In summary of the epidemiological profile of racial / ethnic minorities, it was demonstrated that these two (2) groups tend to have the best health status.?
A. Asians & Pacific Islanders
B. Asians & Whites
C. Whites & Hispanics/Latinos
D. African Americans & Native Americans
12). Which of the following is not true of "activities of daily living"
A. it involves activities such as eating, bathing, toileting
B. when persons are unable to perform activities of daily living they have to rely on others and on mechanical devices
C. they are indicator of the health status of a population
D. they are not predictors of admission to a nursing home or home care
Course Materials
Required Text or E-Book: LaVeist, Thomas A. (2005). Minority Populations and Health: An Introduction to Health Dipsarities in the United States. 1st edition. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. ISBN: 9781118146118
The Epidemiological Profile of Racial/Ethnic Minorities
Chapter 4:
Learning Objectives
A brief overview of the epidemiological patterns among U.S. racial/ethnic groups.
Historical trends
Maternal & child health
Life expectancy
Leading causes of death
Years of potential life lost
Morbidity
Students will be exposed to:
What is Epidemiology?
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of mortality (death) and morbidity (illness).
Box 1. Some Key Terms in Epidemiology
| Rate | Number of events in specified period ———————————————————– Average population during specified time period | X 10n | |
| Life expectancy | Number of years a given individual can expect to live assuming that mortality conditions at their birth remain the same. | ||
| Prevalence | The number of occurrences of a given disease or condition within a given population at a given point in time. Prevalence is typically expressed as a rate (prevalence rate). Prevalence rate is the number of cases of the disease or condition over the population. | ||
| Incidence | The number of new cases of a given disease or condition with a given population of persons who are at risk of getting the disease at a given point in time. Incidence is typically expressed as a rate (incidence rate). Incidence rate is the number of new cases of the disease or condition over the number of persons exposed to risk during the time period being examined. |
Figure 4.1 Mortality Rates by Sex, 1940-2000
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “National Vital Statistics Reports, Volume 52,
Number 3, September 18, 2003, table 1
There is been a steady decline in mortality, however men have higher mortality rates than women. There have been persistent disparities among the sexes.
Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Persons Aged 25 and Over, 2000 – 2017
Even though there is a decline in mortality rates for all groups, persistent disparities among the various racial/ethnic groups still exist.
Non–Hispanic black had the highest mortality rates, while Hispanic had the lowest mortality rates.
Age-Adjusted Death Rates for Persons Aged 25 and Over, 2000 – 2017
The age-adjusted death rate for Hispanic adults aged 25 and over declined 21% from 2000 (995.1 per 100,000 standard population) through 2017 (784.4
Age-adjusted death rates for non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black adults aged 25 and over declined from 2000 to 2011–2012 (from 1,288.1 in 2000 to 1,135.9 in 2011 and from 1,690.3 in 2000 to 1,319.6 in 2012, respectively), but remained stable through 2017.
Between 2000 and 2017, age-adjusted death rates for Hispanic adults aged 25 and over ranged from 39% through 42% lower compared with non-Hispanic black adults, whereas the difference between rates for Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults widened, from 23% lower for Hispanic adults in 2000 to 31% lower in 2017.
Age-adjusting
| Also referred to as “age-standardization” or “standardization,” age-adjusting is a procedure that allows for the comparisons between populations that have different age distributions. |
Box 4.4 Infant Mortality, neonatal mortality, postneonatal mortality.
| The number of infant deaths (deaths in the first 12 months of life) over the number of live births. Infant mortality is typically expressed as infant deaths, per 1,000 live births. Infant mortality is often expressed in two parts, neonatal and postneonatal mortality. Neonatal mortality refers to deaths within the first 28 days of birth. Post neonatal mortality refers to deaths between 29 day and one year of birth. |
Figure 4.6 Infant, neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates by race by race/ethnicity, 2001
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Table 19
Infant Deaths per 1,000 Live Births
Figure 4.7 Infant mortality rates by race by race/ethnicity, 2000 – Pt 1
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Table 19
Figure 4.7 Infant mortality rates by race by race/ethnicity, 2000 – Pt 2 API
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Table 19
Figure 4.7 Infant mortality rates by race by race/ethnicity, 2000 – Pt 2 Hispanic
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Table 19
Infant Mortality Rates by Race/Ethnicity in 2018
Causes of Infant Mortality
The five leading causes of Infant Mortality are:
Birth defect
Preterm births
Injuries
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Pregnancy Complications
Classifications of Low Birthweight
| Low birthweight Very Low Birthweight Moderate Low birthweight, Ultra low birthweight | Births below 2,500 grams (5 lbs 8 oz) Births below 1,500 grams (3.31 lbs) Births between 1,500-2,499 grams Births below 1,000 grams (2.2 lbs) |
Figure 4.9 Low-birthweight and very low birthweight live birth rates by race/ethnicity, 1999-2001
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Tables 14 & 15
Per 1,000 live births
Maternal mortality rates by race/ethnicity, 1950-2000
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Table 43
Deaths per 100,000 live births
Maternal Mortality Rates by Racial/Ethnic Groups in 2018-2019
Figure 4.11 Life Expectancy at birth by race and gender, U.S. 1900-2000
White Female
White Male
Black Male
Black Female
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Table 27
Expected years of life remaining
Box 4.6 Chronic and Acute Conditions
| According to the National Center for Health Statistics: Chronic conditions are conditions that are not cured once acquired (such as heart disease, diabetes). An acute condition is a type of illness or injury that ordinarily lasts less than 3 months |
Table 4.2 Years of potential life lost by age 75
| Race/ethnic group | 1980 | 1990 | 2000 |
| Total | 10,448.41 | 9085.5 | 7578.11 |
| White | 9554.1 | 8159.5 | 6949.5 |
| Black | 17873.4 | 16,593.0 | 12,897.1 |
| American Indian or Alaska native | 13,390.9 | 9506.2 | 7758.2 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | 5378.4 | 4705.2 | 3811.1 |
| Hispanic | 7963.3 | 6037.6 | |
| Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Table 30 |
Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
| Activities of daily living are activities related to personal care and include bathing or showering, dressing, getting in or out of bed or a chair, using the toilet, and eating. Instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are activities related to independent living and include preparing meals, managing money, shopping for groceries or personal items, performing light or heavy housework, and using a telephone. |
Limitations of activities (ADLs and IADLs) caused by chronic conditions, according to selected characteristics: U.S., 2001
Note: Data for IADL for AIAN is for 1999; data for ADL was not available
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Tables 56
Percent of Persons
Self-assessed health status by race/ethnicity U.S., 2001
Source: U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, “Health, United States, 2003”, Tables 57
Percent with fair or poor health
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