03 Jun From the YAWP readings, consider William Graham Sumners thoughts on Social Darwinism and Andrew Carnegies Gospel of Wealth. How do Sumner and Carnegi
From the YAWP readings, consider William Graham Sumner’s thoughts on Social Darwinism and Andrew Carnegie’s Gospel of Wealth. How do Sumner and Carnegie differ on their responses to the extreme economic inequality of the late 1800s?
How does Carnegie’s version of “civilization” compare to yours?
Do you agree or disagree with Carnegie’s words: “Neither the individual nor the race is improved by almsgiving.” Why?
How would paying workers higher wages, which would afford them "greater leisure time" and more spending money, profit society as a whole?
What surprised you the most from the video of the Statue of Liberty being assembled?
What methods did the schools use to Americanize the immigrants?
During this era of big business and rapid industrial growth, why did the rich continue to get richer and the poor just get poorer?
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SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Late 19th Century
GREAT wealth vs. GREAT poverty
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Mostly NE part of US
South remained poor and rural
Middle-class developed
Brought progress and suffering
Defining the 1st decades of 20th century
Altered American economy, culture, and society
1880-1900 – 35,000 workers killed & 500,000 injured
Skilled workers made $3.00/hr & unskilled, $1.50/hr
1790s 276 patents issued.
U.S. Patents Granted
Causes of Rapid Industrialization
Steam Revolution of the 1830s-1850s.
RR fueled the growing US economy
Technological innovations
Unskilled & semi-skilled labor in abundance
Abundant capital
New, talented group of businessmen
Market growing as US population increased
Government willing to help stimulate economic growth
Abundant natural resources
Iron & Steel Production
CAPTAINS OF INDUSTRY
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Railroads
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER
Oil
ANDREW CARNEGIE
Steel / Bessemer process
JP MORGAN
Banking / finance
% of Billionaires in 1900
% of Billionaires in 1918
Relative Share of World Manufacturing
“You have undertaken to cheat me. I won't sue you, for the law is too slow. I'll ruin you.”
Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877)
Shipping and railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt (1794-1877) was a self-made multi-millionaire who became one of the wealthiest Americans of the 19th century. As a boy, he worked with his father, who operated a boat that ferried cargo between Staten Island, New York, where they lived, and Manhattan. After working as a steamship captain, Vanderbilt went into business for himself in the late 1820s, and eventually became one of the country’s largest steamship operators. In the process, the Commodore, as he was publicly nicknamed, gained a reputation for being fiercely competitive and ruthless. In the 1860s, he shifted his focus to the railroad industry, where he built another empire and helped make railroad transportation more efficient. When Vanderbilt died, he was worth more than $100 million ($2.1 billion).
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How Railroads Changed America
Travel faster
Mail arrived faster
New jobs
Towns popped up along RR
Local stores profited from traffic
Unfamiliar items appeared locally
RR moved settlers to new locations
RR tied the nation together
Transportation charges decreased
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Standard Oil Co.
JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER (1839-1937)
“I have ways of making money that you know nothing of.”
John D. Rockefeller (1839-1937), founder of the Standard Oil Company, became one of the world’s wealthiest men and a major philanthropist. Born into modest circumstances in upstate New York, he entered the then-fledgling oil business in 1863 by investing in a Cleveland, Ohio, refinery. In 1870, he established Standard Oil, which by the early 1880s controlled some 90% of U.S. refineries and pipelines. Critics accused Rockefeller of engaging in unethical practices, such as predatory pricing and colluding with railroads to eliminate his competitors, in order to gain a monopoly in the industry. In 1911, the U.S. Supreme Court found Standard Oil in violation of anti-trust laws and ordered it to dissolve. During his life Rockefeller donated more than $500 million ($13.3 billion) to various philanthropic causes.
From childhood, Rockefeller strongly believed that his purpose in life was to make as much money as possible, and then to use it wisely to improve the lot of mankind. He became the world's richest man and first billionaire.
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JP MORGAN (1837-1913)
“If you have to ask how much it costs, you can't afford it.”
One of the most powerful bankers of his era, J.P. (John Pierpont) Morgan (1837-1913) financed railroads and helped organize U.S. Steel, General Electric and other major corporations. The Connecticut native followed his wealthy father into the banking business in the late 1850s, and in 1871 formed a partnership with Philadelphia banker Anthony Drexel. In 1895, their firm was reorganized as J.P. Morgan & Company, a predecessor of the modern-day financial giant JPMorgan Chase. Morgan used his influence to help stabilize American financial markets during several economic crises, including the panic of 1907. However, he faced criticism that he had too much power and was accused of manipulating the nation’s financial system for his own gain. The Gilded Age titan spent a significant portion of his wealth amassing a vast art collection.
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Thomas Edison
NIKOLA TESLA
VS.
which was a more profound discovery – Edison’s Direct Current (DC) electricity or Tesla’s Alternating Current (AC) electricity?
Ultimately, the “War of Currents” may have ended in a tie, as many electronic devices still require both AC and DC technologies to work together simultaneously
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Andrew Carnegie (1848-1919)
“Do your duty and a little more and the future will take care of itself.”
Scottish-born Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) was an American industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry then became a major philanthropist. Carnegie worked in a Pittsburgh cotton factory as a boy before rising to the position of division superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1859. While working for the railroad, he invested in various ventures, including iron and oil companies, and made his first fortune by the time he was in his early 30s. In the early 1870s, he entered the steel business, and over the next two decades became a dominant force in the industry. In 1901, he sold the Carnegie Steel Company to banker John Pierpont Morgan for $480 million ($13 billion in today’s $). Carnegie then devoted himself to philanthropy, eventually giving away more than $350 million ($9 billion in today’s $). In his 1889 book, The Gospel of Wealth, Carnegie urged other wealthy people to be philanthropic to their community. He posed this charity as a sort of moral duty, in which rich persons should only keep what is necessary for their families and establish a trust for the benefit of the community with the remaining money. Carnegie followed his own plan and disposed of most of his income through various trusts and donations. Altogether he founded seven different philanthropic organizations in the U.S., including the Carnegie Corporation of New York.
Carnegie is perhaps most remembered for his Library Program. Convinced that anyone could advance in life if provided access to knowledge, he began a plan to increase the numbers of public libraries in 1881. Altogether, he and the Corporation spent over $56 million to build 2,509 libraries in the English-speaking world. Other programs in the Corporation’s early history include those for adult education and education in the fine arts.
He died in Lenox, Massachusetts on August 11, 1919.
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Carnegie Steel
Iron rails wore out quickly
Steel was much stronger but very expensive and difficult to make
Steel: used in railroads and cities (skyscrapers and bridges)
1899: Carnegie manufactured more steel than all of Britain
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New Type of Business Entities
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CHILD LABOR
By 1900 1.7 Million (45% of total population) children working, 60 hrs/week
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Furman Owens, 12 years old. Can't read. Doesn't know his A,B,C's. Said, "Yes I want to learn but can't when I work all the time." Been in the mills 4 years, 3 years in the Olympia Mill.
photographs of children at work from 1908-12, taken by Lewis W. Hine, the investigative photographer for the National Child Labor Commission
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Oyster shuckers working in a canning factory. All but the very smallest children work. Begin work at 3:30a.m. and expected to work until 5p.m. The little girl in the center was working; her mother said she is "a real help to me." Dunbar, La.
Struggling Families
My grandfather was born in south California in 1920. Growing up he would tell us stories about his childhood and about how hard life was back in those days. I remember him telling me his parents took him out of 3rd grade so he would start work and help feed the rest of the family. By the age of 13 he had two jobs. During the day he worked in fruits, vegetables and flowers fields; at night he worked at a meat processing factory. My dad also had the same luck he only attended Elementary School after that he had to work to feed the family he was not even 14. My grandfather has had a cough for as long as he can remember and my dad is only 56 and has not been able to work for about 6 years.
Since the 1900 we have come a long way, I am sure we have less than 1.7 million children working. With all the changes, rules and laws that we now have it is not enough. We still have children working in almost every state in the US. Every summer from the age of ten I worked from sun rise to sunset in vegetables fields. I hated it was hard and painful, I was not given an option I had to work I had to do it along with my cousins. We went to Colorado, Nebraska, Minnesota, North and South Dakota. I am glad we only worked during the summer months, working so much made me realize I did not want to do that for the rest of my life. This pushed me to get my H.S diploma and go to college, and when I because a mother I told myself I would never work my kids.
No matter what century or year … it is sad and hard for me to see children working. I refuse to do it to my kids.
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Francis Lance, 5 years old, jumps on and off moving trolley cars at the risk of his life. St. Louis, Missouri.
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Spinner in Whitnel Cotton Mill. Has been in the mill 1 year. Sometimes works at night. Runs 4 sides – 48 cents a day. When asked how old she was, she said, "I don't remember," then added confidentially, "I'm not old enough to work, but do just the same." Out of 50 employees, there were 10 children about her size.
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Richard Pierce, age 14, a Western Union Telegraph Co. messenger. 9 months in service, works from 7 a.m. to 6 p.m. Smokes and visits houses of prostitution.
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Tenement Slum Living
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Tenement Slum Living
Heat wave in NYC in 1896, 1300 died.
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Urban Growth: 1870 – 1900
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New York City, 1900: “When a horse died, its carcass would be left to rot until it had disintegrated enough for someone to pick up the pieces. Children would play with dead horses lying in the street.”
Columbia University professor David Rosner
UNIONS
Knights of Labor
Under Terence Powderly
Accepted blacks and women
Skilled and unskilled workers
By 1886 700,000+ members
American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gompers
Skilled laborers only
By 1901 1 million+ members
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STRIKES
Haymarket Square Massacre – 1886
Chicago
Anarchists protesting deaths of workers by police at McCormick Harvesting Co.
Bomb exploded, killed 1 policeman and wounded 6 people
Police opened fire
70 more policemen & 4 civilians killed
Pullman Strike – 1894
George Pullman cut wages, laid off workers, and refused to address complaints.
Workers boycotted all trains in 24 states
Pres. Cleveland called in police to stop strike.
12 workers killed, many others arrested
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