29 Aug What food substances produce the most energy? Why are dietitians concerned with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? List the three main structural components of a typical cell? Na
Discussion 2
41
UNIT 1: THE BODY AS A WHOLE.
CHAPTER 4: BIOMOLECULES.
CHAPTER 5: CELL STRUCTURE.
CHAPTER 6: CELL FUNCTION.
Compose 400 words or more discussion to respond the following:
What food substances produce the most energy? Why are dietitians concerned with saturated and unsaturated fatty acids? List the three main structural components of a typical cell? Name as many passive processes that transport substances across a cell membrane as you can. How are they alike? How are they different?
Discussion 3
2
UNIT 1: THE BODY AS A WHOLE.
CHAPTER 7: CELL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT.
CHAPTER 8: INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES.
CHAPTER 9: TISSUE TYPE
Compose 400 words or more discussion to respond the following:
What are the two major phases of the cell life cycle? During which of these phases does mitosis occur? Which two of the four major tissue types have the greatest capacity to regenerate after an injury? Name the four principal types of body membranes. What makes bone tissue hard? Name the two types of involuntary muscle. Where is each found in the body? I would like to have 2 separate 400-page papers, one about chapters 4,5,6 and one about 7,8,9.
UNIT 1 CHAPTER 7
CELL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF CELLS
Cell growth: Depends on using genetic information in DNA to make the structural and functional proteins needed for cell survival
Cell reproduction: ensures that genetic information is passed from one generation to the next.
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF CELLS (cont.)
Cell growth: a newly formed cell produces a variety of molecules and other structures necessary for growth by using the information contained in the genes of DNA molecules; this stage is known as interphase
Production of cytoplasm: more cell material is made, including growth and/or replication of organelles and plasma membrane; a largely anabolic process
LIFE CYCLE OF THE CELL.
The Cell Cycle: 2 major phases Interphase and Mitosis
Mitosis
Division of somatic cells (non-reproductive cells)
A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Daughter cells have same number of chromosomes as does parent cell.
6
Mitosis
Divided into 4 phases
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Followed with Cytokinesis
Depending on cell- may last a few minutes to several days
Prophase
1st and longest phase
of mitosis
Events
Chromosomes become visible.
Centrioles separate and move to opposite sides of the cell.
Chromosomes become attached to fibers in the spindle at the centromere.
Chromosomes coil more tightly.
Nucleolus disappears .
Nuclear envelope breaks down.
Metaphase
Often lasts only a few minutes
Events
Chromosomes line up across the center of the cell.
Microtubules connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle.
Anaphase
Centromeres split
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles
Anaphase ends when chromosomes stop moving.
Telophase
Chromosomes begin to disperse into a chromatin.
Nuclear envelope re-forms around each cluster of chromosomes.
Spindle begins to break apart.
Nucleolus becomes visible.
Cytokinesis
Animal cells:
Cell membrane is drawn inward until the cytoplasm is pinched into 2 nearly equal parts
Result? 2 new identical cells
The Process of Cell Division
Two main stages of cell division:
Mitosis: nucleus divides, produces 2 nuclei identical to parent cell and each other
Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides, produces 2 cells
The CELL CYCLE
3 Parts
Interphase
Mitosis – few minutes to several days
Cytokinesis
Mitosis
4 sub-phases:
1st – Prophase
2nd – Metaphase
3rd – Anaphase
4th – Telophase
followed by
Cytokinesis
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
Image: Mitosis diagram, Marek Kultys
14
I Peed on the MAT.
– A single germ cell divides into four unique daughter cells.
Daughter cells have half the # of chromosomes as parent cell, so they are considered haploid.
Image: Overview of Meiosis, National Institutes of Health
What is cell division of gametes called?
Meiosis
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
15
Diploid organisms receive one of each type of chromosome from female parent (maternal chromosomes) and one of each type of chromosome from male parent (paternal chromosomes)
Refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in cells.
● Haploid – one copy of each chromosome
– designated as “n”, the number of chromosomes in one “set”
– gametes
● Diploid – two sets of chromosomes (two of each chromosome)
– designated as “2n”
– somatic cells
Genetics Terminology: Ploidy
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
16
Meiosis – Sex Cell (Gamete) Formation
In meiosis, there
are 2 divisions
of the nucleus:
meiosis I
&
meiosis II
Image: Overview of Meiosis, National Institutes of Health
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
17
Image: Meiosis diagram, Marek Kultys
From the Virtual Cell Biology Classroom on ScienceProfOnline.com
18
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
,
Unit 1
Chapter 6 Physiology of Cells
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES:
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
- Passive transport processes do not require any energy expenditure of the cell membrane (Table 4-1)
- Diffusion: a passive process (Figure 4-1)
- Molecules spread through the membranes.
- Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration down a concentration gradient(Figure 4-2)
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: PASSIVE TRANSPORT (cont.)
- Simple diffusion (Figure 4-3)
- Molecules cross the phospholipid bilayer.
- Solutes permeate the membrane; therefore the membrane is called permeable.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: PASSIVE TRANSPORT (cont.)
- Osmosis (Figure 4-4)
- Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: PASSIVE TRANSPORT (cont.)
- Osmosis (cont.)
- Isotonic: when two fluids have the same potential osmotic pressure (Figure 4-5)
- Hypertonic (higher pressure): cells placed in solutions that are hypertonic to intracellular fluid always shrivel as water flows out of them; if medical treatment causes the extracellular fluid to become hypertonic to the cells of the body, serious damage may occur.
- Hypotonic (lower pressure): cells placed in a hypotonic solution may swell as water flows into them.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: PASSIVE TRANSPORT (cont.)
- Facilitated diffusion (mediated passive transport)
- A special kind of diffusion in which movement of molecules is made more efficient by the action of transporters embedded in a cell membrane.
- Transports substances down a concentration gradient.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: PASSIVE TRANSPORT (cont.)
- Channel-mediated passive transport (Figure 4-6)
- Channels are specific; allow only one type of solute to pass through.
- Gated channels may be open or closed (or inactive); may be triggered by any of a variety of stimuli.
- Channels allow membranes to be selectively permeable.
- Carrier-mediated passive transport (Figure 4-7)
- Carriers attract and bind to the solute, change shape, and release the solute on the other side of the carrier.
- Carriers are usually reversible depending on the direction of the concentration gradient.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: PASSIVE TRANSPORT (cont.)
- Role of passive transport processes.
- Move substances down a concentration gradient, thus maintaining equilibrium and homeostatic balance.
- Types of passive transport: simple and facilitated diffusion (channels and carriers); osmosis is a special example of channel-mediated passive transport of water.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- Active transport processes require the expenditure of metabolic energy by the cell (Table 4-2)
- Transport by pumps
- Pumps are membrane transporters that move a substance against their concentration gradient; opposite of diffusion.
- Examples: calcium pumps (Figure 4-8) and sodium-potassium pumps (Figure 4-9)
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: ACTIVE TRANSPORT (cont.)
- Transport by vesicles allows substances to enter or leave the interior of a cell without moving through its plasma membrane.
- Endocytosis: the plasma membrane “traps” some extracellular material and brings it into the cell in a vesicle.
- Two basic types of endocytosis (Figure 4-10)
Phagocytosis (“condition of cell eating”): large particles are engulfed by the plasma membrane and enter the cell in vesicles; the vesicles fuse with lysosomes, which digest the particles..
Pinocytosis (“condition of cell drinking”): fluid and the substances dissolved in it enter the cell.
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis: membrane receptor molecules recognize substances to be brought into the cell (Figure 4-11)
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: ACTIVE TRANSPORT (cont.)
- Exocytosis
- Process by which large molecules, notably proteins, can leave the cell even though they are too large to move out through the plasma membrane.
- Large molecules are enclosed in membranous vesicles and then pulled to the plasma membrane by the cytoskeleton, where the contents are released.
MOVEMENT OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES: ACTIVE TRANSPORT (cont.)
- Role of active transport processes
- Active transport requires energy use by the membrane.
- Pumps concentrated substances on one side of membrane, such as when storing an ion inside an organelle.
- Vesicle-mediated (endocytosis, exocytosis): move large volumes of substances at once, such as in secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters.
,
UNIT 1 .CHAPTER 4.
BIOMOLECULES
BIOMOLECULES : Substances that are produced by cells and living organisms.
There are four major types of biomolecules:
Carbohydrates.
Lipids.
Proteins.
Nucleid acids.
2
ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Inorganic compounds: few have carbon atoms and none have C–C or C–H bonds
Organic molecules
Have at least one carbon atom and at least one C–C or C–H bond in each molecule
Often have functional groups attached to the carbon-containing core of the molecule (Figure 2-13)
INORGANIC MOLECULES
WATER.
OXYGEN.
CARBON DIOXIDE.
ELECTROLYTES.
ACIDS.
BASES.
SALTS.
4
The Principal Functional Chemical Groups
INORGANIC MOLECULES
Water
The body’s most abundant and important compound.
Properties of water (Table 2-2)
Polarity: allows water to act as an effective solvent; ionizes substances in solution (Figure 2-10)
The solvent allows transportation of essential materials throughout the body (; enables the body to maintain a relatively const Figure 2-14)
High specific heat: water can lose and gain large amounts of heat with little change in its own temperature.
High heat of vaporization: water requires the absorption of significant amounts of heat to change it from a liquid to a gas; allows the body to dissipate excess heat.
INORGANIC MOLECULES (cont.)
Oxygen and carbon dioxide: closely related to cellular respiration
Oxygen: required to complete decomposition reactions necessary for the release of energy in the body,
Carbon dioxide: produced as a waste product and helps maintain the appropriate acid-base balance in the body.
INORGANIC MOLECULES: ELECTROLYTES
Electrolytes
Large group of inorganic compounds that includes acids, bases, and salts.
Substances that dissociate in solution to form ions (resulting ions are sometimes called electrolytes)
Positively charged ions are cations; negatively charged ions are anions.
INORGANIC MOLECULES: ELECTROLYTES (cont.)
Acids and bases: common and important chemical substances that are chemical opposites
Acids
Any substance that releases a hydrogen ion (H+) when in solution; “proton donor”
Level of acidity depends on the number of H+ a particular acid will release
Bases
Electrolytes that dissociate to yield hydroxide ions (OH) or other electrolytes that combine with H+
Described as “proton acceptors”
pH scale: assigns a value to measures of acidity and alkalinity (Figure 2-15)
pH indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution
pH of 7 indicates neutrality (equal amounts of H+ and OH); a pH less than 7 indicates acidity; a pH higher than 7 indicates alkalinity
The PH Scale.
INORGANIC MOLECULES: ELECTROLYTES (cont.)
Buffers
Maintain the constancy of pH
Minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH
Act as a “reservoir” for hydrogen ions
Salts (Table 2-3)
Compound that results from chemical interaction of an acid and a base
Reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt and water is called a neutralization reaction.
ORGANIC MOLECULES
Organic” describes compounds that contain C–C or C–H bonds
CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTIONS.
The four primary functions of carbohydrates in the body are:
Provide energy.
Store energy.
Build macromolecules such as fat for other uses.
Glucose energy is stored as glycogen, with the majority of it in the muscle and liver.
ORGANIC MOLECULES: CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates: organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; commonly called sugars and starches
Monosaccharides: simple sugars with short carbon chains; those with six carbons are hexoses (e.g., glucose); those with five are pentoses (e.g., ribose, deoxyribose) (Figure 2-17)
Disaccharides and polysaccharides: two (di-) or more (poly-) simple sugars bonded together through a synthesis reaction (Figure 2-18)
14
Glucose Structure.Example of Monosaccharide.Simple Sugar.
ORGANIC MOLECULES: LIPIDS
Lipids (Table 2-5)
Water-insoluble organic molecules that are critically important biological compounds
Major roles:
Energy source.
Structural role.
Integral parts of cell membranes.
ORGANIC MOLECULES: LIPIDS (cont.)
Phospholipids (Figure 2-21)
Fat compounds similar to triglyceride.
One end of the phospholipid is water soluble (hydrophilic); the other end is fat soluble (hydrophobic).
Phospholipids can join two different chemical environments.
Phospholipids may form double layers called bilayers that make up cell membranes.(Figure 2-22)
PHOSPHOLIPID MOLECULE
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER MOLECULE
19
ORGANIC MOLECULES: LIPIDS (cont.)
Steroids (Figure 2-23)
Main component is steroid nucleus .
Involved in many structural and functional roles.
Prostaglandins (Figure 2-24)
Commonly called tissue hormones; produced by cell membranes throughout the body.
Effects are many and varied; however, they are released in response to a specific stimulus and are then inactivated.
20
ORGANIC MOLECULES: PROTEINS
Proteins (Table 2-6)
Most abundant organic compounds
Chainlike polymers
Amino acids: building blocks of proteins (Figures 2-25 to 2-27)
Essential amino acids: eight amino acids that cannot be produced by the human body
Nonessential amino acids: 12 amino acids that can be produced from molecules available in the human body
Amino acids consist of a carbon atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain
Proteins Functions
Two special and common types of proteins are enzymes and hormones.
| Table 1. Protein Types and Functions | ||
| Type | Examples | Functions |
| Digestive Enzymes | Amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin | Help in digestion of food by catabolizing nutrients into monomeric units |
| Transport | Hemoglobin, albumin | Carry substances in the blood or lymph throughout the body |
| Structural | Actin, tubulin, keratin | Construct different structures, like the cytoskeleton |
| Hormones | Insulin, thyroxine | Coordinate the activity of different body systems |
| Defense | Immunoglobulins | Protect the body from foreign pathogens |
| Contractile | Actin, myosin | Effect muscle contraction |
| Storage | Legume storage proteins, egg white (albumin) | Provide nourishment in early development of the embryo and the seedling |
22
ORGANIC MOLECULES: PROTEINS (cont.)
Levels of protein structure (Figure 2-28)
Protein molecules are highly organized and show a definite relation between structure and function
Protein organization is defined by four levels:
Primary structure: the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain
Secondary structure: polypeptide is coiled or bent into pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonds
Tertiary structure: a secondary structure can be further twisted and converted to a globular shape; the coils touch in many places and are “welded” by covalent and hydrogen bonds
Quaternary structure: highest level of organization; occurs when protein contains more than one polypeptide chain
PROTEIN SHAPES
ORGANIC MOLECULES: NUCLEIC ACIDS AND RELATED MOLECULES
Nucleic acids and related molecules
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Composed of deoxyribonucleotides: structural units consist of the pentose sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (cytosine, thymine, guanine, or adenine)
DNA molecule consists of two long chains of deoxyribonucleotides coiled into a double-helix shape (Figure 2-31)
Specific sequence of more than 100 million base pairs constitutes one human DNA molecule; all DNA molecules in one individual are identical and different from those of all other individuals
DNA functions as the molecule of heredity
25
THE DNA MOLECULE
26
ORGANIC MOLECULES: NUCLEIC ACIDS AND RELATED MOLECULES (cont.)
RNA (ribonucleic acid) (Figure 2-32; Table 2-7)
Composed of the pentose sugar (ribose), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Nitrogenous bases for RNA are adenine, uracil, guanine, or cytosine (uracil replaces thymine)
Some RNA molecules are temporary copies of segments (genes) of the DNA code and are involved in synthesizing proteins
Some RNA molecules are regulatory and act as enzymes (ribozymes) or silence gene expression (RNA interference)
TRANSFER RNA
ORGANIC MOLECULES: NUCLEIC ACIDS AND RELATED MOLECULES (cont.)
Nucleotides
Nucleotides have other important roles in the body
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (Figure 2-33)
Composed of:
Adenosine
Ribose, a pentose sugar
Adenine, a nitrogen-containing molecule
Three phosphate subunits
High-energy bonds present between phosphate group
29
ORGANIC MOLECULES: NUCLEIC ACIDS AND RELATED MOLECULES (cont.)
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) (cont.)
Energy stored in ATP is used to do the body’s work
ATP often called the energy currency of cells
ATP is split into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phosphate group by a special enzyme
,
Unit 1
Chapter 8: Introduction to Tissues.
Chapter 9: Tissue Types
INTRODUCTION
- Tissue: Group of similar cells that perform a common function.
- Matrix: Nonliving intercellular material.
PRINCIPAL TYPES OF TISSUE
- Epithelial tissue
- Connective tissue
- Muscle tissue
- Nervous tissue
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
- Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex, nonliving material between cells in a tissue
- Some tissues have a large amount of ECM; other tissues have hardly any.
- Different kinds of components give ECM in different tissues a variety of characteristics.
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (cont.)
- Components
- Water
- Proteins
- Structural proteins
- Collagen: strong, flexible protein fiber.
- Elastin: elastic fibers.
- Includes glycoproteins: proteins with a few carbohydrate attachments.
- Fibronectin and laminin help connect the ECM components to cells by binding with integrins in plasma membranes
- Glycoprotein attachments also allow local communication within a tissue
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (cont.)
- Proteoglycans
- Hybrid molecules that are mostly carbohydrates attached to a protein backbone.
- Examples: chondroitin sulfate, heparin, and hyaluronate.
- Different proteoglycans give different characteristics to ECM, such as thickness and shock absorption .
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (cont.)
- Functions
- Helps bind tissues together structurally
- ECM components bind to each other and to integrins in plasma membranes of cells
- Some tissues are held together primarily by intercellular junctions
- Allows local communication among ECM and various cells through connection with integrins in plasma membranes
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
- Types and locations
- Epithelium is divided into two types:
- Membranous (covering or lining) epithelium
- Glandular epithelium
- Locations
- Membranous epithelium: covers the body and some of its parts and lines the serous cavities; blood and lymphatic vessels; and respiratory, digestive, and genitourinary tracts
- Glandular epithelium: secretory units of endocrine and exocrine glands.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (cont.)
- Functions
- Protection
- Sensory functions
- Secretion
- Absorption
- Excretion
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (cont.)
- Generalizations about epithelial tissue
- Limited amount of matrix material.
- Membranous type attached to a basement membrane.
- Avascular.
- Cells are in close proximity, with many desmosomes and tight junctions.
- Capable of reproduction.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE: MEMBRANOUS
- Classification of epithelial tissue
- Membranous (covering or lining) epithelium .
- Classification based on cell shape
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
- Pseudostratified columnar
EPITHELIAL TISSUE:
MEMBRANOUS (cont.)
- Classifications based on layers of cells
- Simple epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
One-cell layer of flat cells
Permeable to many substances.
Examples: endothelium, which lines blood vessels; mesothelium, which lines pleura
Simple cuboidal epithelium
One-cell layer of cuboidal cells
Found in many glands and ducts
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (cont.)
Classifications based on layers of cells (cont.)
Simple columnar epithelium.
Single layer of tall, column-shaped cells
Cells often modified for certain functions such as goblet cells (secretion), cilia (movement), microvilli (absorption)
Often lines hollow visceral structures
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Columnar cells of differing heights
All cells rest on basement membrane but may not reach the free surface above
Cell nuclei at odd and irregular levels
Found lining air passages and segments of male reproductive system
Motile cilia and mucus are important modifications
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (cont.)
- Classifications based on layers of cells (cont.)
- Stratified epithelium
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Multiple layers of flat, squamous cells
Cells filled with keratin
Covering outer skin on body surface
Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Lining vagina, mouth, and esophagus
Free surface is moist
Primary function is protection
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
Two or more rows of cells are typical
Basement membrane is indistinct
Located in sweat gland ducts and pharynx
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (cont.)
- Classifications based on layers of cells (cont.)
Stratified columnar epithelium
Multiple layers of columnar cells
Only most superficial cells are typical in shape
Rare
Located in segments of male urethra and near anus
Transitional epithelium
Located in lining of hollow viscera subjected to stress (e.g., urinary bladder)
Often 10 or more layers thick
Protects organ walls from tearing
EPITHELIAL TISSUE: GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
- Glandular epithelium
- Specialized for secretory activity
- Exocrine glands: discharge secretions into ducts.
- Endocrine glands: “ductless” glands; discharge secretions directly into blood or interstitial fluid.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- Functions, characteristics, and types
- General function: connects, supports, transports, and protects.
- General characteristics
- ECM predominates in most connective tissues and determines its physical characteristics.
- Consists of fluid, gel, or solid matrix, with or without extracellular fibers (collagenous, reticular, and elastic) and proteoglycans or other compounds that thicken and hold together the tissue .
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (cont.)
- Four main types (Table 5-6)
- Fibrous
- Loose (areolar)
- Adipose
- Reticular
- Dense
- Irregular
- Regular (collagenous and elastic)
- Bone
- Compact bone
- Cancellous bone
- Cartilage
- Hyaline
- Fibrocartila
Our website has a team of professional writers who can help you write any of your homework. They will write your papers from scratch. We also have a team of editors just to make sure all papers are of HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE. To make an Order you only need to click Ask A Question and we will direct you to our Order Page at WriteDemy. Then fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Fill in all the assignment paper details that are required in the order form with the standard information being the page count, deadline, academic level and type of paper. It is advisable to have this information at hand so that you can quickly fill in the necessary information needed in the form for the essay writer to be immediately assigned to your writing project. Make payment for the custom essay order to enable us to assign a suitable writer to your order. Payments are made through Paypal on a secured billing page. Finally, sit back and relax.
About Wridemy
We are a professional paper writing website. If you have searched a question and bumped into our website just know you are in the right place to get help in your coursework. We offer HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE Papers.
How It Works
To make an Order you only need to click on “Order Now” and we will direct you to our Order Page. Fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.
Are there Discounts?
All new clients are eligible for 20% off in their first Order. Our payment method is safe and secure.
Hire a tutor today CLICK HERE to make your first order
Related Tags
Academic APA Writing College Course Discussion Management English Finance General Graduate History Information Justify Literature MLA