Nicotine Since 2009, the U.S. federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had the authority to regulate all tobacco products; in2019, U.S. federal law raised the minimum age for buyi

18 Oct Nicotine Since 2009, the U.S. federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had the authority to regulate all tobacco products; in2019, U.S. federal law raised the minimum age for buyi

Posted at 03:13h in Biology by

Discussion- Nicotine

Since 2009, the U.S. federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had the authority to regulate all tobacco products; in2019, U.S. federal law raised the minimum age for buying tobacco products from18 to 21 years old. Do you think such federal laws will help to keep teens and young adults from beginning to use tobacco products? Why or why not?

At least 250 words.

Chapter 7

Course Materials:Required Text or E-Book: Drug Use and AbuseISBN-13:978-0-357-37595-2Authors : Stephen Maisto • Mark Galizio • Gerard Connors

External Resource: Growing Tobacco Atlas

Chapter 7: Nicotine

Key Terms emphysema: Disease of the lung characterized by abnormal dilution of its air spaces and distension of its walls. Frequently, heart action is impaired.

nicotine poisoning: A consequence of nicotine overdose characterized by palpitations, dizziness, sweating, nausea, or vomiting.

relapse: A term from physical disease; return to a previous state of illness from one of health. As applied to smoking, it means one resumes smoking after having abstained for some amount of time.

True or False Questions Answer Key 1. Tobacco was once thought to have major medical value. TRUE. From the time of Columbus until about 1860, tobacco was widely thought to be a panacea for medical problems. 2. Throughout the age ranges, men have higher smoking rates than women do. FALSE. Rates are higher for men in the 18- to 25-year-old range and (less so) among those 26 and older. Rates for male and female adolescents in the 12- to 17- year-old range differ little. 3. The prevalence of smokeless tobacco use among men is about three times that of use among women. FALSE. The discrepancy is over 10-fold; men use smokeless tobacco products far more than women do. 4. Nicotine can be considered both a stimulant and a depressant. TRUE. Nicotine is called a biphasic drug because it tends to act as a stimulant at lower doses, but it acts as a depressant at higher doses. 5. When using commercial tobacco products, people reach the peak blood level of nicotine most quickly by using smokeless tobacco. FALSE. The quickest way to reach the peak blood level for a dose of nicotine is by inhalation or smoking. 6. Though psychological dependence is common, no cases of physical dependence on nicotine have been identified. FALSE. Nicotine has been identified clearly as a drug on which individuals can become physically dependent. 7. Nicotine’s calming effects are a main reason for its use. TRUE. Even at doses associated with stimulant action in the body, those who use nicotine often perceive it to have calming effects. Such effects are identified as major reasons for continuing to use nicotine. 8. Nicotine plays a secondary role to learning and social factors in maintaining tobacco use. FALSE. Nicotine plays a substantial, and some think a major, role; learning and social factors are important too. 9. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. TRUE. According to the CDC, cigarette smoking causes nearly one in five deaths annually in the United States.

Chapter 7: Nicotine

10. Low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes are less damaging to health than cigarettes that do not have reduced tar and nicotine content. FALSE. Although this is theoretically true, in practice, those who smoke tend to increase the intensity of inhaling or the number of cigarettes when they smoke cigarettes of reduced tar and nicotine content. Therefore, exposure to these compounds is similar to what it would be with cigarettes of unreduced content. 11. Despite the media hype, passive smoking actually poses a serious health risk to few Americans. FALSE. Of the 480,000 deaths attributable to smoking in 2014 according to the CDC, 41,000 (about 8.5%) were due to passive smoking. 12. The majority of individuals who use behavioral therapies alone to stop smoking will resume smoking within a year. TRUE. While behavioral therapies can be an effective way to stop smoking, the majority of individuals will resume smoking within a year. Nicotine replacement therapies in combination with behavioral therapy result in the best outcomes.

Key Terms
True or False Questions Answer Key

Chapter 7

Nicotine

Icebreaker

• Let’s take a little poll, no judgment. If you have ever smoked tobacco—in cigarettes, cigars, or pipes—raise your hand and keep it raised.

• If you have ever taken tobacco in the form of dry or moist snuff, have ever chewed tobacco, or have ever held tobacco between the cheek and gum, raise your hand and keep it raised.

• Now, if you have never personally used tobacco in any form, but you have been exposed to it when someone smoked who was around you regularly, raise your hand and keep it raised.

• Let’s look at how many people have hands raised now. This gives some idea of the prevalence, recently and presently, of tobacco use in our country.

• In this chapter, we’ll learn more about the history, prevalence, mechanisms of action, and effects of nicotine. [10 minutes]

Chapter Objectives (1 of 2)

After studying this chapter, you will be able to…

7-1 Describe the historical use of tobacco 7-2 Discuss the early medicinal uses of tobacco and the factors that led to the recognition of the dangers of tobacco 7-3 Describe the patterns of tobacco use in the United States 7-4 Identify the factors that contribute to the initiation of smoking in adolescents and young adults 7-5 Explain the mechanism of action for nicotine 7-6 Describe the physiological effects of nicotine 7-7 Describe the behavioral effects of nicotine (cont’d.)

Chapter Objectives (2 of 2)

After studying this chapter, you will be able to…(cont’d.)

7-8 Explain why individuals quickly develop tolerance and physical dependence to nicotine 7-9 Describe the acute and chronic effects of tobacco use 7-10 Discuss the diseases that are linked with cigarette smoking 7-11 Explain the risks associated with passive smoking 7-12 Describe behavioral programs used to treat cigarette smoking and evaluate their effectiveness 7-13 Describe pharmacological programs used to treat cigarette smoking and evaluate their effectiveness

History of Tobacco Use

7.1

Tobacco Plants

These tobacco plants await conversion to commercial products such as cigarettes and chewing tobacco.

The West Discovers Tobacco

Late 15th century: Columbus and others saw Native Americans use tobacco for medicinal purposes and effects—quickly became popular with Europeans, who spread tobacco seeds to other parts of the world

• Early Spanish monopoly, as tobacco is native to South America

• When tobacco flourished in Virginia, the English took part of the business

• Tobacco was first expensive, but got cheaper by the early 1600s • London had c. 7,000 tobacco shops in 1614; by the mid-1600s, tobacco use

had spread throughout central Europe • In the 1600s, two popes, Ottoman Empire’s Sultan, and Russian czar all

banned and harshly punished smoking, yet most smokers did not stop • Portuguese sailors introduced tobacco to Japan in 1542; Japan’s emperor

banned smoking by 1603, yet people continued smoking there too

Tobacco as Panacea; From Panacea to Panned

Long history of using tobacco medicinally includes:

• External application for internal or external pain, skin diseases, or injuries

• Given in ears, eyes, mouth, and nose to treat diseases of those orifices

• Given orally as smoke, juice, or ashes to reach lungs, stomach, or teeth

• Given in snuff as an inhalant through nostrils to reach lungs

• Given as smoke or enema into the intestinal tract

• Given by injection into the vagina

In 1828, two German chemists isolated nicotine: New understanding of its toxic and addictive properties damaged its medical reputation

• 18301860: Tobacco use for medicine and pleasure in the United States and Europe was attacked by clergy, educators, and some physicians • By 1860, medical use of tobacco had virtually ended, but use for pleasure

continued

Knowledge Check 1: History of Tobacco Use

Question: Which of the following statements about the history of tobacco use is most accurate?

a. Harsh 17th-century punishments for using tobacco were effective for years.

b. The chemical isolation of nicotine had little to no effect on its medical use.

c. The use of tobacco for pleasure continued long after its medicinal use did.

Knowledge Check 1: Answer

Question: Which of the following statements about the history of tobacco use is most accurate?

a. Harsh 17th-century punishments for using tobacco were effective for years.

b. The chemical isolation of nicotine had little to no effect on its medical use.

c. The use of tobacco for pleasure continued long after its medicinal use did.

Answer: c. The use of tobacco for pleasure continued long after its medicinal use did. Harsh 17th-century punishments in multiple countries for using tobacco were not effective. The chemical isolation of nicotine damaged its medical reputation and inhibited its medical use. However, even after medical use had virtually ended in the United States c. 1860, people continued to use tobacco for pleasure.

Prevalence of Tobacco Use

7.2

Smoking in the United States

Percentage of American adults smoking declined in the latter 20th century; percentage who reported quitting smoking steadily increased

• Most have quit on their own; most were thought to be “lighter” smokers; still, many others who smoke say they want to quit, but find it difficult to do so

• Peak American smoking = 1963: U.S. Public Health Service first published Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General in 1964—detailed health hazards of smoking in a way unprecedented at the time

Highest current rates of cigarette smoking = 1825-year-olds

• More noncollege students than college students in this age group smoke

• Gender differences for ages 1825 are bigger than for 1217 or for 26+

• More men than women smoked in the 1950s; gender difference is smaller now

• White people have highest smoking rates among young adults

• Those unemployed and with less education smoke more than those employed and with more education

Smoking Prevalence (2015) by Age, Gender, Ethnicity

TABLE 7.1 Percentages of Individuals in Different Age, Gender, and Racial/Ethnic Groups Who Reported Cigarette Use in the Past Month, 2015

Gender Age (Years): 1217 1825 26 and older Total

Male 4.6 30.7 22.5 21.8

Female 3.8 22.7 17.7 17.1

Race/Ethnicity

White 5.4 30.9 20.7 20.7

Black 2.6 22.3 23.8 21.3

Hispanic 2.7 20.8 16.2 15.3

Source: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2016).

Initiation of Smoking

Nicotine dependence initiated in adolescence tends to persist into adult years

• Nearly 90% of Americans dying from smoking-related causes began smoking when they were adolescents

• The younger someone starts smoking, the harder it seems to quit later

• Research finds reasons for smoking initiation = complex interaction of biological, psychological, and social/environmental factors • Biological: teens’ brains are more sensitive to rewarding effects of nicotine than

brains of older adults • Biopsychological: higher stimulation by nicotine in individuals scoring higher

on hostility and aggression • Psychological: Teens scoring high on “novelty seeking” are more receptive to

tobacco advertising

• E-cigarette use by teens, young adults increased 20112015: cause of concern

Smokeless Tobacco Use

• Smokeless tobacco use is most popular among 1825-year- olds (2015 national survey)

• More than ten times as many men use smokeless tobacco as women

Prevalence of Smokeless Tobacco Use (2015) by Age and Gender

TABLE 7.2 Prevalence of Smokeless Tobacco Use in the Past Month by Age and Gender, 2015

Age (years) Prevalence (%)

1217 1.5

1825 5.4

26 and older 3.2

Gender

Male 6.3

Female 0.6

Source: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2016)

Vaping

Vaping pens, also known as e-cigarettes, are filled with vaping oil that contains nicotine.

When vaping pens, or e-cigarettes, are used, they produce a cloud of vapor.

Knowledge Check 2: Prevalence of Tobacco Use

Question: Among survey respondents aged 18 and older, what kind of relationship does cigarette smoking have with employment and education?

a. A positive correlation

b. An inverse correlation

c. There is no correlation

Knowledge Check 2: Answer

Question: Among survey respondents aged 18 and older, what kind of relationship does cigarette smoking have with employment and education?

a. A positive correlation

b. An inverse correlation

c. There is no correlation

Answer: b. An inverse correlation. The less employed and less educated the adults are, the more likely they are to smoke. There is not a positive correlation: those with more employment and education do not smoke more. There is a correlation: it is a negative or inverse (opposite) one.

Pharmacology of Nicotine

7.3

Sites of Action

Nicotine stimulates acetylcholine (ACH)-sensitive receptors: It is a cholinergic agonist drug

• Effects of nicotine on nervous system and behavior: • Increases dopamine levels in mesocorticolimbic system • Increases blood pressure • Increases heart rate • Stimulates adrenal glands to release adrenaline • Increases tone and activity of gastrointestinal tract • Facilitates release of dopamine and serotonin • Affects CNS functions of arousal, attention, learning, memory storage and

retrieval, mood, and rapid eye movement (REM) during sleep

• Nicotine is a biphasic drug: Stimulates ACH receptors at low doses, but retards neural transmission at higher doses—partly explains complex effects perceived

Pharmacokinetics (1 of 2)

Absorption: Nicotine is absorbed through mouth, cheeks, nasal mucosa,

gastrointestinal tract, and lungs—most readily absorbed from lungs

• Absorption depends on both site of absorption and method of delivery

• Acidity of medium (like smoke): cigar/pipe smoke = less acidic, making

absorption easier (compensates somewhat for mouth vs. lungs as route)

• Length of contact of absorption site with substance affects absorption

• Snuff, chewing tobacco prolong time for nasal, oral nicotine absorption

Distribution: Blood transports nicotine from lungs to brain in c. 7 seconds; IV

injection takes 14 seconds from arm to brain

• Rapid distribution with smoking cigarettes causes “overlapping presence” of

nicotine doses in the brain

Pharmacokinetics (2 of 2)

• Effects are observed rapidly: distribution half-life is 1020 minutes

• One puff occupies almost 1/3 of primary nicotine receptors; three puffs occupy almost ¾ of receptors; 2½ cigarettes saturate receptors

• Nicotine levels also fall rapidly, leading to another cigarette

• Regular smokers in the United States typically absorb 0.10.4 mg of nicotine per cigarette

Metabolism and Excretion: Liver is the main organ in metabolizing nicotine (lungs and kidneys also play parts)

• Nicotine eliminated mainly in urine; to a lesser extent in saliva, sweat, breast milk

• Inhalation has faster absorption time; oral/nasal has longer exposure time; peak blood levels are the same

• Smokers must smoke often to maintain nicotine blood levels not below threshold for beginning of withdrawal symptoms

Smokeless Tobacco

The use of smokeless tobacco is most prevalent among young men.

Blood Nicotine Levels in a Typical Smoker

Knowledge Check 3: Pharmacology of Nicotine

Question: The distribution half-life of nicotine is about ___________; the elimination half-life of nicotine in a chronic smoker is about __________.

a. 1020 minutes; 2 hours

b. 3040 minutes; 3 hours

c. 2545 minutes; 4 hours

Knowledge Check 3: Answer

Question: The distribution half-life of nicotine is about ___________; the elimination half-life of nicotine in a chronic smoker is about __________.

a. 1020 minutes; 2 hours

b. 3040 minutes; 3 hours

c. 2545 minutes; 4 hours

Answer: a. 1020 minutes; 2 hours. The half-life of nicotine distribution (how long it takes for the amount received in the brain to be cut in half) is about 1020 minutes; the half-life of nicotine elimination (how long it takes for half the amount in the body to be eliminated) is about 2 hours.

Tolerance and Dependence

7.4

Tolerance; Physical Dependence

Tolerance: Nicotine tolerance develops quickly—within time of smoking first cigarettes

• Effects of nicotine in first puffs of first day’s cigarette = greater than the effects in last few puffs of that same first cigarette

• Smoking can develop from unpleasant to pleasurable in several weeks

• Dispositional tolerance: smokers metabolize nicotine faster than nonsmokers

Physical Dependence: 1988—U.S. Surgeon General’s Office issued a report concluding that physical dependence on nicotine develops and that nicotine leads to dependence; 1989—Royal Society of Canada = same conclusion

• Studies since 1987 show 24 hours after stopping smoking, people had a craving for tobacco (= most common, 73%); irritability, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, increased appetite, impatience, somatic complaints, insomnia

Knowledge Check 4: Tolerance and Dependence

Question: Research studies show that 24 hours after stopping smoking, which of the following was the most common symptom reported?

a. Heightened irritability

b. Trouble concentrating

c. A craving for tobacco

d. An increased appetite

Knowledge Check 4: Answer

Question: Research studies show that 24 hours after stopping smoking, which of the following was the most common symptom reported?

a. Heightened irritability

b. Trouble concentrating

c. A craving for tobacco

d. An increased appetite

Answer: c. A craving for tobacco. All of these symptoms were reported, but the one reported most, at 73% of respondents, was a craving for tobacco.

Acute Effects of Nicotine

7.5

Nicotine’s Acute Effects (1 of 2)

Because of its biphasic effects, nicotine in higher doses would be more depressant than at more typical doses

As an ACH agonist, nicotine has major CNS stimulant action, though not as intense as with cocaine and amphetamines

• Reinforcing effects: alertness, learning, memory: reversal or prevention of cognitive impairment could play a part in maintaining cigarette use

• Autonomic effects, especially cardiovascular: heart stimulation and resulting increased demands for oxygen underlie association of nicotine and heart disease —inadequate oxygen may lead to angina or a heart attack

Despite its stimulant properties, smokers often report calming effects of nicotine

• Nicotine relaxes the skeletal muscles

• Biphasic action: acts as a depressant at higher doses

Nicotine’s Acute Effects (2 of 2)

• Perception of successfully coping with stress while smoking

Our website has a team of professional writers who can help you write any of your homework. They will write your papers from scratch. We also have a team of editors just to make sure all papers are of HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE. To make an Order you only need to click Ask A Question and we will direct you to our Order Page at WriteDemy. Then fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.

Fill in all the assignment paper details that are required in the order form with the standard information being the page count, deadline, academic level and type of paper. It is advisable to have this information at hand so that you can quickly fill in the necessary information needed in the form for the essay writer to be immediately assigned to your writing project. Make payment for the custom essay order to enable us to assign a suitable writer to your order. Payments are made through Paypal on a secured billing page. Finally, sit back and relax.

Do you need an answer to this or any other questions?

About Wridemy

We are a professional paper writing website. If you have searched a question and bumped into our website just know you are in the right place to get help in your coursework. We offer HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE Papers.

How It Works

To make an Order you only need to click on “Order Now” and we will direct you to our Order Page. Fill Our Order Form with all your assignment instructions. Select your deadline and pay for your paper. You will get it few hours before your set deadline.

Are there Discounts?

All new clients are eligible for 20% off in their first Order. Our payment method is safe and secure.

18 Oct Nicotine Since 2009, the U.S. federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has had the authority to regulate all tobacco products; in2019, U.S. federal law raised the minimum age for buyi

About Wridemy

We are a professional paper writing website. If you have searched a question and bumped into our website just know you are in the right place to get help in your coursework. We offer HIGH QUALITY & PLAGIARISM FREE Papers.

How It Works

Are there Discounts?

Hire a tutor today CLICK HERE to make your first order

Related Tags

About us

Quick help

Subjects covered