03 Jul Proposal project observation.
1 APPLIED RESEARCH PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS & EXAMPLES The components of the Applied Research Project are presented below on separate pages. Each component begins with the instructions, includes an appropriate example, and finishes with the checklist from that component’s grading rubric. Most of the components included in the Proposal and Final Paper are very similar, so I have presented them here together. For the components that have significant differences, I have included both the Proposal and Final Paper directions, examples, and checklist items from the grading rubric so you can see the differences. For the components that are only required for the final paper (e.g., title page, results & conclusion), this is noted. Please note that the examples given below are from a variety of different papers. Additionally, single spacing was used here to present examples succinctly, but double spacing is expected in your actual products. WARNING: These examples are meant illustrate what is expected for the Applied Research Project assignments. However, they should not be considered the only way to document an observational project; there are many ways to do this and do it well. Additionally, the writing in these examples was adapted from actual student submissions and may contain minor errors. Title Page DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER ONLY – Title Page: Give your project an appropriate title (you can be creative, but make sure you include the major point of your observational study). Below the title, report your name and your school’s name (not the abbreviation) on separate lines. If you would like to add an APA-style running head, that is fine but not required. There should be no extraneous information on the title page (e.g., dates, instructor name, course number). [Formatting notes: The title page is the first page of your paper and should be included in page numbering. Do not use fancy colors or fonts. Capitalize all major words (even though you don’t do this for article titles in the Reference List).] EXAMPLE: 1 Social Norms on a Train in Tokyo: Conforming and Deviancy Pat Smith University of Maryland University College Title Page Checklist from Grading Rubric 1. 2. 3. 4. Appropriate title Author’s name School’s name (not abbreviation) Does not contain extraneous information 2 Literature Review DIRECTIONS: PROPOSAL – Literature Review Sample*: Copy and paste one abstract from social psychological literature relating to your intended observation, and below the abstract explain how it helps form the research question or observational methodology for your observation (this explanation should be labeled “Contribution”). DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER – Literature Review*: Locate five appropriate abstracts from social psychological literature relating to your observation. Copy and paste these abstracts in this section of your paper; below each abstract, explain how this article helped form the research question or observational methodology for your observation (this explanation should be labeled “Contribution”). Note that an abstract is one of the first elements included in professionally published articles; it serves as the summary of the entire article. In most cases, the articles you will consider will be research based (meaning that the authors actually conducted an experiment), but you may also choose articles that are more theoretical in nature as long as they have an abstract. Many websites contain unprofessional “stories” that do not contain abstracts; this makes them inappropriate for this assignment, although you can still use such information with proper citation in your paper’s Introduction. *Please read the Literature Review section of the Final Paper instructions for more information on choosing appropriate abstracts. [Formatting notes: Clearly number and label the beginning of each abstract with an appropriate APA-style in-text citation (i.e., the author’s last names and publication year); e.g., Abstract 1: Smith & Jones, 2015. Also, clearly label your explanation of how each abstract contributes to your research question or observational methodology with the subheading “Contribution”.] EXAMPLE: Abstract 1: (Moussaid, Perozo, Garnier, Helbing & Theraulaz, 2010) “Human crowd motion is mainly driven by self-organized processes based on local interactions among pedestrians. While most studies of crowd behaviour consider only interactions among isolated individuals, it turns out that up to 70% of people in a crowd are actually moving in groups, such as friends, couples, or families walking together. These groups constitute medium-scale aggregated structures and their impact on crowd dynamics is still largely unknown. In this work, we analyze the motion of approximately 1500 pedestrian groups under natural condition, and show that social interactions among group members generate typical group walking patterns that influence crowd dynamics. At low density, group members tend to walk side by side, forming a line perpendicular to the walking direction. As the density increases, however, the linear walking formation is bent forward, turning it into a V-like pattern. These spatial patterns can be well described by a model based on social communication between group members. We show that the V-like walking pattern facilitates social interactions within the group, but reduces the flow because of its “non-aerodynamic” shape. Therefore, when crowd density increases, the group organization results from a trade-off between walking faster and facilitating social exchange. These insights demonstrate that crowd dynamics is not only determined by physical constraints induced by other pedestrians and the environment, but also significantly by communicative, social interactions among individuals.” Contribution: The authors delve into specific social interactions that tend to be made by pedestrians. This information can assist with the research regarding mall observations because the author separates the groups in a similar fashion as I intend to with my observation. There is an observation of friends, family members, couples, etc. Furthermore, there is an assessment of the dynamic between all of the groups and if the social interactions are impacted by any specific triggers. Based on the research questions that have been formulated regarding the mall observation, that information will be beneficial when assessing the different types of interactions that are seen on a daily basis. Literature Review Checklist from Grading Rubric The only difference between the proposal and final paper is the number of abstracts required (1 or 5). 1. 1 (proposal) or 5 (final paper) appropriate abstracts 2. 1 (proposal) or 5 (final paper) appropriate explanations for how information contributed to your study 3. Properly labeled 3 Introduction & Research Question 1. DIRECTIONS: PROPOSAL – Proposed Introduction & Research Question: Identify the general social psychology principle you will be looking for in your observation, describe how the abstract you’ve included in your Literature Review section relates to your observation (and include a required APA-style citation), and provide your research question(s). Make sure that your research question is worded as a question and is capable of being answered through observation alone. The proposal’s introduction will be much briefer than what is expected for the final paper as you have not done all the research necessary to fully develop these points yet. You will need to include much more detail in the introduction for your final paper; at this point, I just want to make sure that you have some initial support for your research question. Note: You should read ahead in your in-class readings if you intend to investigate a topic that comes at the end of the class. Remember to include APA-style text citations where appropriate, including any references to things you have learned from your class readings. 2. See the “How APA-Style Citations and References Can Help You Prevent Plagiarism” section at the end of the syllabus (which was referenced in the Plagiarism Tutorial & APA-Style Citations/References Discussion). Read the Introduction and Research Question sections of the Final Paper instructions for more details on what kinds of information to include for this section. 3. NOTE: This section only applies to the proposal; Proposed Introduction will be replaced by Introduction for the final paper. EXAMPLE FOR PROPOSAL: Proposed Introduction & Research Question Persuasion techniques are often used when attempting to get people to donate to charities (Saylor Academy, 2012). Getting people to donate money when it is requested can also be thought of as way of getting them to conform to your demands (Saylor Academy, 2012). According to Lankenau (1999), some panhandlers increase the likelihood that people will donate to them by engaging in unusual behavior. My research question is: Will a beggar’s behavior influence whether or not passersby donate when money is requested? DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER – Introduction: This section will “introduce” your reader to the general social psychology topic you will be observing and summarize what you’ve learned from the abstracts in your literature review (most, if not all, of the abstracts included in your literature review section should be cited in the Introduction). This section must build the case for your research question. When you outline your introduction, think of an upside-down triangle or funnel shape; begin with the most general information, then progress to information that is more specific to your research question. Start by introducing the topic in general (this could be a few sentences or a paragraph long) and make sure you include appropriate citations from your classroom text or any other sources. Next comes the literature review; this is where you will summarize what you’ve learned from the abstracts (with citations) included in your literature review. The final portion of your introduction should summarize what you’ve learned from your literature review and end with your research question. Note: You should read ahead in your in-class readings if you intend to investigate a topic that comes towards the end of the class. Remember to include APA-style text citations where appropriate, including any references to things you have learned from your class readings. [Formatting notes: This section should be about 1-2 double-spaced pages long. See the “How APA-Style Citations and References Can Help You Prevent Plagiarism” section at the end of the syllabus.] DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER – Research Question: For this observation study, you must have a specific question (or small set of related questions) that you are trying to answer. This does not have to be labeled as a separate section of your paper; it can come at end of the introduction section. But you must make sure 1) you clearly state the question(s) you are trying to answer, 2) your questions are supported by information you included in your Introduction, and 3) your question can be answered through observation alone. Your question(s) must be detailed and specific. For example, are there distinguishable behaviors that lead a man to ask a woman to dance in a bar setting? What are the specific behaviors of people who are paying attention in church? Do older people influence the behavior of younger people? Note that one good question is better than multiple weak questions, and too many weakly related questions will make your paper difficult to write. [Formatting notes: This section will only be a sentence or few sentences long and does not have to be a separately labeled section (but it can be, if you prefer).] 4 EXAMPLE FOR FINAL PAPER: Introduction & Research Questions Persuasion techniques are often used when attempting to get people to donate to charities (Saylor Academy, 2012). Getting people to donate money when it is requested can also be thought of as way of getting people to conform to your demands (Saylor Academy, 2012). Persuading others to conform their behavior by donating money involves techniques that are not used only by formal charities. According to Lankenau (1999), some panhandlers capture attention by using dramatic techniques to increase compliance. Pedestrians serve as an audience and respond to panhandling by selecting form a menu of responses. One common response amongst the everyday commuters is the nonperson treatment or passing by a panhandler as if they do not exist. This sort of behavior is often displayed by those who believe that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get (Begue, Charmoillaux, Cochet, Cury, & Suremain, 2008). In other words, these people are unlikely to participate in altruistic behavior toward beggars and panhandlers. Persuasive techniques, such as the Pique technique, are often used by beggars and panhandlers to increase compliance from passersby in situations where little attention might be paid otherwise (Burder, Hornisher, Martin & Newman, 2007). This technique is practiced by presenting individuals with an unexpected request in an attempt to catch the attention of the intended audience. For instance, in the study by Burder, et al., 313 passersby were either asked by beggars for a common amount of change or for 37 cents. Those asked for the uncommon amount of 37 cents were more likely to comply with the request for money due to their heuristic process being disrupted. Deviant behavior displayed by beggars and panhandlers may also discourage passersby from complying with their requests. In a study done by Abbate and Ruggieri (2008), a fake beggar was instructed to either approach passersby and invade their personal space or allow passersby to make the decision to approach them. For the purpose of the above-mentioned study, personal space was defined as a moveable, invisible barrier surrounding individuals. When the beggar acted in a deviant way by invading the personal space of passersby, this effectively heightened discomfort and negative feelings of the passersby who were approached, which resulted in decreased compliance amongst those passersby. Because the behavior of those asking for money could have positive or negative influence on the likelihood of their requests being met, I would like to investigate how their behavior influences the behavior of those being targeted for donations. Specifically, will engaging in deviant behavior positively or negatively influence the likelihood of compliance by passersby when donations are requested? And what techniques used by street beggars are most persuasive in increasing compliance with their monetary donation requests? Introduction Checklist from Grading Rubric Research Question Checklist from Grading Rubric 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Starts with appropriate social psychological concepts Includes summarized information from abstracts in literature review Information is related to observational topic and presented with appropriate level of detail Does not contain extraneous information Supports research question(s) All information from external sources cited Related to literature review Supported by introduction Able to answer with observational methodology Appropriate number/scope Worded as a question 5 Subjects & Setting DIRECTIONS: PROPOSAL – Proposed Subjects & Setting: Describe your proposed subjects (e.g., age ranges, gender, race), including how many people you intend to observe. Also describe the specific setting where you intend to conduct your observation, including some description of the general geographic area. These may change after you do more research; I just want to make sure you are on the right track at the proposal stage. Read the Subjects and Settings sections of the Final Paper instructions for more on what kinds of information to include for these sections. NOTE: Proposed Subjects & Proposed Setting will be replaced by Subjects & Setting for the final paper. PROPOSAL EXAMPLE: Proposed Subjects My observations will focus on adults who appear to be between the ages of 25 and 65 years of age. I intend to avoid a population of people that look to be younger than 25 or older than 65 because I feel like they could be in a different developmental place. I intend to observe males and females, but I am not interested in gender differences for my study. Similarly, I will include people of any and all racial/ethnic groups. I will observe at least 20 people. Proposed Setting I plan to conduct my observations in the local mall of a small, suburban town in Wyoming. I will make my observations during relatively busy times for the mall in the area where people order food, as this is a place where lots of lines form. This will increase the diversity of the people I am observing and allow me not to be noticed. DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER – Subjects: Describe the general group of subjects you have observed, including the number of subjects, estimated ages or age groups, gender(s), racial/ethnic groups represented, and any other observable information that makes these people special. DIRECTIONS: FINAL PAPER – Setting: In this section, discuss the setting in which your observation occurred (e.g., Where did you make your observation? Were you outside or inside? What was special about this setting? Why did you need to perform your observation here?) Also name and describe the general geographic area for your setting (e.g., Was it in an urban/suburban/rural setting? What are the racial, ethnic, and/or socioeconomic characteristics of the area [with citations to support the characteristics you report]?). Include sufficient detail so that it is clear how the setting might have affected behaviors discussed throughout your paper. Think like a social psychologist and describe the details that you would want to know in order to have a better understanding of what you report about in your project. [Formatting notes: For some observations, the setting will be more important and need to be described in detail than other observations. You may choose to combine this section with the preceding section to make a “Subjects and Setting” section.] FINAL PAPER EXAMPLE: Subjects I limited my observations to groups of females who were in a similar age range. While I did not record race or ethnicity, it is important to note that my subjects were predominantly white. My ability to estimate age is limited, and to attempt to account for error, I kept the age groups in 10-year increments until the age of 60 at which point I just recorded the person as 60 or more years of age. I ended up observing 16 women (8 in the 20-30 year range, 5 in the 30-40 year range, 2 in the 40-50 year range, and 1 in the 60+ range). Setting This observation was conducted at the only shopping mall in Cheyenne, Wyoming, a primarily urban area with approximately 64,000 residents (http://www.city-data.com/city/Cheyenne-Wyoming.html). The racial makeup of this area is primarily white (77%) while the gender distribution approximately equal. The median household income in Cheyenne of $59,877 per year is similar to the average income for the state of Wyoming. Francis E. Warren Air Force Base is located at the edge of town, and the city also has a community college. All walks of life may be found at the shopping mall at any given time which made it a good spot to catch a population sample of Cheyenne, and the public setting facilitated my ability to observe behaviors unobtrusively. In order to observe behavior of people as they joined lines, I assumed a position in the eatery area of the mall which provided a good vantage point of a variety of store fronts where lines routinely formed. Subjects Checklist from Rubric Setting Checklist from Grading Rubric 1. Appropriate information about subjects given research topic (e.g., age, gender, race) 2. Good details included 3. Number o …
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