19 Sep After reading the first link about the 1898 Wilmington, North Carolina coup,
After reading the first link about the 1898 Wilmington, North Carolina coup, the related NYT article about The 1921 Tulsa, Oklahoma (“Black Wall Street”) Race Massacre, the article about Teddy Roosevelt’s legacy, and the 2 links below about Henry Ford’s attempt to Americanize his immigrant workers, about Ford’s “paying them $5/day”, and about the first bank created by a woman, please tell me 10 things you learned (2 items from each website):
1898 Wilmington, NC coup ( https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/10/us/joshua-halsey-funeral-wilmington-massacre.html )
NYT article in its entirety:
A Black Man Killed by a White Mob in 1898 Finally Receives a Funeral
The mob killed Joshua Halsey and up to 250 other people that day in the predominately Black city of Wilmington, N.C. Last weekend, city leaders and Mr. Halsey’s living relatives honored him.
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Freemasons from the Grand Lodge of South Carolina took soil collected in honor of Joshua Halsey to his grave site last Saturday in Wilmington, N.C. Mr. Halsey was buried in an unmarked grave in 1898 after he was shot 14 times by a mob.Credit…Melissa Sue Gerrits/Getty Images
By Maria Cramer
Nov. 10, 2021Updated 11:24 a.m. ET
Joshua Halsey, a Black laborer and father of four girls, was asleep in bed on Nov. 10, 1898, when one of his daughters shook him awake.
He was deaf and hadn’t heard the gunshots fired by a white mob advancing through the streets of Wilmington, N.C., then a predominantly Black city where residents owned businesses and occupied seats of power.
The mob was intent on overthrowing the municipal government, which was made up of Black leaders and their white allies.
Mr. Halsey, a well-liked 46-year-old whose family had lived in the city for 100 years, was one of their targets, according to historical accounts.
He ran out the back door, but the mob caught up with him about a block from his house on Bladen Street and shot him 14 times. He was buried hastily in an unmarked grave in a family plot at the Pine Forest Cemetery. Most of his family fled to New Jersey, part of a diaspora of Black residents, artisans and professionals who left the city after what became known as the Wilmington Massacre and Coup d’état of 1898.
On Saturday, nearly 123 years after his death, Mr. Halsey received a funeral that was attended by city leaders, hundreds of residents and his living relatives, who came from scattered parts of the country. Some of them said they had learned only in recent years that they were his descendants.
A horse-drawn carriage carried a coffin holding a jar of the soil taken from the site where he died. A headstone engraved with Mr. Halsey’s name and the names of his wife, Sallie, and their four daughters was placed at his grave.
“It was unbelievable,” said Gwendolyn Alexis, 65, a great-granddaughter of Mr. Halsey. “It was just so powerful.”
Mr. Halsey was among 60 to 250 people who were killed that day. White supremacists at the time admitted to killing only him and seven other people, said John Jeremiah Sullivan, a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine and a founder of the Third Person Project , a documentary research group based in Wilmington, NC.
Mr. Sullivan and other members of the group found Mr. Halsey’s grave in October, after scouring the cemetery for his remains. Historical maps of the cemetery, where many prominent Black Americans are buried, were disorganized and chaotic.
Members of the Third Person Project had to analyze death certificates of Mr. Halsey’s relatives, other public records and the research of previous historians to find the grave. Mr. Sullivan said the group was able to confirm which grave belonged to Mr. Halsey using ground-penetrating radar from the office of community engagement at the University of North Carolina at Wilmington, a port city of about 120,000 people roughly 130 miles south of Raleigh, the state capital.
Hesketh Brown Jr., 58, a great-grandson of Mr. Halsey, said he hopes that the funeral will be part of a wider effort by the city to understand and confront its own history.
“That town needs closure,” he said. “And the truth helps bring closure if we accept the truth.”
In 2006, the state released a report by a commission that was created to establish a historical record of the massacre.
The 1898 Wilmington Race Riot Commission determined that the riot was a planned coup organized by white supremacists, who wanted to drive out Black elected representatives and their allies in the Republican and Populist parties from state government. At the time, the Democratic Party was made up almost entirely of white voters and white supremacy was a significant platform of the party’s political leaders .
Democratic leaders used speeches and racist propaganda cartoons, while preying on unfounded fears that Black men posed a threat to white women, to sway white voters during that year’s statewide election, according to the commission’s findings .
Many Black people were also kept from the polls by paramilitary groups hired by the Democratic Party .
It worked. On Nov. 8, the Democrats swept the election, bu
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