03 Oct Pain is a mechanism of the nervous system that ess
Pain is a mechanism of the nervous system that essentially notifies the body of injury, to either remove the stimuli, protect the area, or adjust the stimuli. Pain, however, is perceived differently by all individuals and it is not as simple as a notification and response system. The identification of pain consists of the presence of sensory systems-the presence and character of pain, affective systems-the conditioned avoidance behaviors, and cognitive systems-the learned behavior related to pain. Pain starts in the afferent system from the peripheral nervous system to notify the central nervous system, it then goes to the interpretive center in the brainstem, and lastly delivers an efferent response from the central nervous system to the spinal cord. Acute pain happens suddenly and resolves quickly, in a matter of minutes to months. It includes somatic, visceral and referred pain. Somatic pain is from nerve endings in the skin, joints, and muscle tissue, it is typically sharp or dull; it typically results in increased heart rate, hypertension, diaphoresis and dilated pupils. Visceral pain is from nerve endings inside of hollow organs and can cause aching, gnawing, throbbing, and intermediate discomfort; it is usually associated with nausea, vomiting, hypotension, and shock. Referred pain is pain that is located away from the site of injury. Chronic pain can start as acute pain but instead of it resolving in minutes to months it lasts from longer than 3-6 months; it can also be consistent such as back pain or intermittent such as headaches. Chronic pain creates changes in the brain that can result in depression, difficulty eating/sleeping, preoccupation with pain, and a sense of hopelessness. When individuals are faced with acute or chronic pain they may develop behavioral activities related to the pain. Some of these activities may include the usage of alcohol, marijuana, and smoking cigarettes. Nicotine has an analgesic effect through activation of inhibitory pain pathways released by neurotransmitters in the central nervous system, which may be why individuals with chronic pain tend to have higher nicotine dependence than individuals without chronic pain (Chapman & Wu, 2015). It has however, also been identified that individuals that consume nicotine have an earlier onset and exacerbation of painful conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (Smit, Garey, Langdon, Ditre, Rogers, Orr, & Zvolensky, 2019). They also end up increasing the odds of developing chronic pain syndromes, ultimately smoking cessation with reduce pain, but it is a difficult psychological process for these individuals (Champman & Wu, 2015). References Chapman, S. L. C., & Wu, L.-T. (2015). Associations Between Cigarette Smoking and Pain Among Veterans. EPIDEMIOLOGIC REVIEWS, 37(1), 86–102. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1093/epirev/mxu008 Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby. Smit, T., Garey, L., Langdon, K. J., Ditre, J. W., Rogers, A. H., Orr, M. F., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2019). Differential effect of sex on pain severity and smoking behavior and processes. Addictive Behaviors, 90, 229–235. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.11.007Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days who selected different factors than you, in the following ways: Respond to at least two of your colleagues on two different days who selected different factors than you, in the following ways: Share insights on how your colleague’s factors impact the pathophysiology of pain. Suggest alternative diagnoses and treatment options for acute, chronic, and referred pain.
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